Devices, methods, and graphical user interfaces for manipulating user interfaces with physical gestures

ABSTRACT

An electronic device with a display, a touch-sensitive surface, and one or more sensors to detect intensity of contacts with the touch-sensitive surface: detects a first gesture that includes concurrently detecting a first contact and a second contact, detecting an intensity of the first contact, and detecting an intensity of the second contact; and, in response to detecting the first gesture: in accordance with a determination that the first gesture meets first operation criteria (including a criterion that is met when the intensities of the first and second contact satisfy a respective intensity threshold), performs a first operation; and, in accordance with a determination that the first gesture meets second operation criteria, wherein the second operation criteria are capable of being met when the intensities of the first and second contacts do not satisfy the respective intensity threshold, performs a second operation that is different from the first operation.

RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser.No. 62/235,385, filed Sep. 30, 2015, entitled “Devices, Methods, andGraphical User Interfaces for Manipulating User Interfaces with PhysicalGestures”; and (2) U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/203,387,filed Aug. 10, 2015, entitled “Devices, Methods, and Graphical UserInterfaces for Manipulating User Interface Objects with Visual and/orHaptic Feedback,” both of which are incorporated by reference herein intheir entireties.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This relates generally to electronic devices with touch-sensitivesurfaces, including but not limited to electronic devices withtouch-sensitive surfaces that detect inputs for manipulating userinterfaces.

BACKGROUND

The use of touch-sensitive surfaces as input devices for computers andother electronic computing devices has increased significantly in recentyears. Exemplary touch-sensitive surfaces include touchpads andtouch-screen displays. Such surfaces are widely used to manipulate userinterfaces on a display.

Exemplary manipulations include performing operations such as zooming,adjusting the position and/or size of one or more user interfaceobjects, and activating buttons or opening files/applicationsrepresented by user interface objects, as well as undoing or redoingoperations performed in the user interface.

A user will, in some circumstances, need to perform such manipulationson user interfaces in a file management program (e.g., Finder from AppleInc. of Cupertino, Calif.), a messaging application (e.g., Messages fromApple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif.), an image management application (e.g.,Photos from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif.), a camera application(e.g., Camera from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif.), a map application(e.g., Maps from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif.), a note takingapplication (e.g., Notes from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif.), digitalcontent (e.g., videos and music) management applications (e.g., Musicand iTunes from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif.), a news application(e.g., News from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif.), a phone application(e.g., Phone from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif.), an email application(e.g., Mail from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif.), a browser application(e.g., Safari from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif.), a drawingapplication, a presentation application (e.g., Keynote from Apple Inc.of Cupertino, Calif.), a word processing application (e.g., Pages fromApple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif.), a spreadsheet application (e.g.,Numbers from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif.), a reader application(e.g., iBooks from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif.), a video makingapplication (e.g., iMovie from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif.), and/orgeo location applications (e.g., Find Friends and Find iPhone from AppleInc. of Cupertino, Calif.), but existing methods for performing thesemanipulations are cumbersome and inefficient. In addition, existingmethods take longer than necessary, thereby wasting energy. This latterconsideration is particularly important in battery-operated devices.

SUMMARY

Accordingly, there is a need for electronic devices with faster, moreefficient methods and interfaces for manipulating user interfaces. Suchmethods and interfaces optionally complement or replace conventionalmethods for manipulating user interfaces. Such methods and interfacesreduce the number, extent, and/or nature of the inputs from a user andproduce a more efficient human-machine interface. For battery-operateddevices, such methods and interfaces conserve power and increase thetime between battery charges.

The above deficiencies and other problems associated with userinterfaces for electronic devices with touch-sensitive surfaces arereduced or eliminated by the disclosed devices. In some embodiments, thedevice is a desktop computer. In some embodiments, the device isportable (e.g., a notebook computer, tablet computer, or handhelddevice). In some embodiments, the device is a personal electronic device(e.g., a wearable electronic device, such as a watch). In someembodiments, the device has a touchpad. In some embodiments, the devicehas a touch-sensitive display (also known as a “touch screen” or“touch-screen display”). In some embodiments, the device has a graphicaluser interface (GUI), one or more processors, memory and one or moremodules, programs or sets of instructions stored in the memory forperforming multiple functions. In some embodiments, the user interactswith the GUI primarily through stylus and/or finger contacts andgestures on the touch-sensitive surface. In some embodiments, thefunctions optionally include image editing, drawing, presenting, wordprocessing, spreadsheet making, game playing, telephoning, videoconferencing, e-mailing, instant messaging, workout support, digitalphotographing, digital videoing, web browsing, digital music playing,note taking, and/or digital video playing. Executable instructions forperforming these functions are, optionally, included in a non-transitorycomputer readable storage medium or other computer program productconfigured for execution by one or more processors.

In accordance with some embodiments, a method is performed at anelectronic device with a display, a touch-sensitive surface, and one ormore sensors to detect intensity of contacts with the touch-sensitivesurface. The method includes: detecting a first gesture that includesconcurrently detecting a first contact and a second contact movingrelative to each other on the touch-sensitive surface, detecting anintensity of the first contact, and detecting an intensity of the secondcontact; and, in response to detecting the first gesture: in accordancewith a determination that the first gesture meets first operationcriteria, wherein the first operation criteria include a criterion thatis met when the intensities of the first and second contact satisfy arespective intensity threshold, performing a first operation; and, inaccordance with a determination that the first gesture meets secondoperation criteria that are distinct from the first operation criteria,wherein the second operation criteria are capable of being met when theintensities of the first and second contacts do not satisfy therespective intensity threshold, performing a second operation that isdifferent from the first operation.

In accordance with some embodiments, an electronic device includes adisplay unit configured to display a user interface; a touch-sensitivesurface unit configured to receive user inputs; one or more sensor unitsconfigured to detect intensity of contacts with the touch-sensitivesurface unit; and a processing unit coupled to the display unit, thetouch-sensitive surface unit and the one or more sensor units. Theprocessing unit is configured to: detect a first gesture that includesconcurrently detecting a first contact and a second contact movingrelative to each other on the touch-sensitive surface unit, detecting anintensity of the first contact, and detecting an intensity of the secondcontact; and, in response to detecting the first gesture: in accordancewith a determination that the first gesture meets first operationcriteria, wherein the first operation criteria include a criterion thatis met when the intensities of the first and second contact satisfy arespective intensity threshold, perform a first operation; and, inaccordance with a determination that the first gesture meets secondoperation criteria that are distinct from the first operation criteria,wherein the second operation criteria are capable of being met when theintensities of the first and second contacts do not satisfy therespective intensity threshold, perform a second operation that isdifferent from the first operation.

In accordance with some embodiments, an electronic device includes adisplay, a touch-sensitive surface, optionally one or more sensors todetect intensity of contacts with the touch-sensitive surface, one ormore processors, memory, and one or more programs; the one or moreprograms are stored in the memory and configured to be executed by theone or more processors and the one or more programs include instructionsfor performing or causing performance of the operations of any of themethods described herein. In accordance with some embodiments, acomputer readable storage medium has stored therein instructions whichwhen executed by an electronic device with a display, a touch-sensitivesurface, and optionally one or more sensors to detect intensity ofcontacts with the touch-sensitive surface, cause the device to performor cause performance of the operations of any of the methods describedherein. In accordance with some embodiments, a graphical user interfaceon an electronic device with a display, a touch-sensitive surface,optionally one or more sensors to detect intensity of contacts with thetouch-sensitive surface, a memory, and one or more processors to executeone or more programs stored in the memory includes one or more of theelements displayed in any of the methods described herein, which areupdated in response to inputs, as described in any of the methodsdescribed herein. In accordance with some embodiments, an electronicdevice includes: a display, a touch-sensitive surface, and optionallyone or more sensors to detect intensity of contacts with thetouch-sensitive surface; and means for performing or causing performanceof the operations of any of the methods described herein. In accordancewith some embodiments, an information processing apparatus, for use inan electronic device with a display and a touch-sensitive surface, andoptionally one or more sensors to detect intensity of contacts with thetouch-sensitive surface, includes means for performing or causingperformance of the operations of any of the methods described herein.

Thus, electronic devices with displays, touch-sensitive surfaces andoptionally one or more sensors to detect intensity of contacts with thetouch-sensitive surface are provided with faster, more efficient methodsand interfaces for manipulating user interfaces, thereby increasing theeffectiveness, efficiency, and user satisfaction with such devices. Suchmethods and interfaces may complement or replace conventional methodsfor manipulating user interfaces.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For a better understanding of the various described embodiments,reference should be made to the Description of Embodiments below, inconjunction with the following drawings in which like reference numeralsrefer to corresponding parts throughout the figures.

FIG. 1A is a block diagram illustrating a portable multifunction devicewith a touch-sensitive display in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 1B is a block diagram illustrating exemplary components for eventhandling in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 2 illustrates a portable multifunction device having a touch screenin accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an exemplary multifunction device with adisplay and a touch-sensitive surface in accordance with someembodiments.

FIG. 4A illustrates an exemplary user interface for a menu ofapplications on a portable multifunction device in accordance with someembodiments.

FIG. 4B illustrates an exemplary user interface for a multifunctiondevice with a touch-sensitive surface that is separate from the displayin accordance with some embodiments.

FIGS. 4C-4E illustrate exemplary dynamic intensity thresholds inaccordance with some embodiments.

FIGS. 5A-5Z illustrate exemplary user interfaces for manipulating userinterfaces with physical gestures in accordance with some embodiments.

FIGS. 6A-6D are flow diagrams illustrating a method of manipulating userinterfaces with physical gestures in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 7 is a functional block diagram of an electronic device inaccordance with some embodiments.

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

The methods, devices and GUIs described herein make manipulation of userinterfaces more efficient and intuitive for a user. In some embodiments,for a device with a touch-sensitive surface that is sensitive to a rangeof contact intensity, the device provides additional intensity-basedfunctionality that complements conventional functionality. For example,additional functions provided by intensity-based inputs (e.g.,operation/command shortcuts provided by intensity-based gestures) areseamlessly integrated with conventional functions provided byconventional tap, swipe, and pinch/depinch gestures. A user can continueto use conventional (non-intensity-based) gestures to performconventional functions (e.g., a two-finger depinch gesture to perform azoom function), without accidentally activating the additionalfunctions. Yet it is also simple for a user to discover, understand, anduse the intensity-based inputs and their added functionality (e.g.,using a two-thumb gesture to “bend” or “twist” the device to performundo/redo command shortcuts).

A number of different approaches for manipulating user interfaces aredescribed herein. Using one or more of these approaches (optionally inconjunction with each other) helps to provide a user interface thatintuitively provides users with additional functionality. Using one ormore of these approaches (optionally in conjunction with each other)reduces the number, extent, and/or nature of the inputs from a user andprovides a more efficient human-machine interface. This enables users touse devices that have touch-sensitive surfaces faster and moreefficiently. For battery-operated devices, these improvements conservepower and increase the time between battery charges.

Below, FIGS. 1A-1B, 2, and 3 provide a description of exemplary devices.FIGS. 4C-4E illustrate exemplary dynamic intensity thresholds. FIGS.4A-4B and 5A-5Z illustrate exemplary user interfaces for manipulatinguser interfaces with physical gestures. FIGS. 6A-6D illustrate a flowdiagram of a method of manipulating user interfaces with physicalgestures. The user interfaces in FIGS. 5A-5Z are used to illustrate theprocesses in FIGS. 6A-6D.

Exemplary Devices

Reference will now be made in detail to embodiments, examples of whichare illustrated in the accompanying drawings. In the following detaileddescription, numerous specific details are set forth in order to providea thorough understanding of the various described embodiments. However,it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that the variousdescribed embodiments may be practiced without these specific details.In other instances, well-known methods, procedures, components,circuits, and networks have not been described in detail so as not tounnecessarily obscure aspects of the embodiments.

It will also be understood that, although the terms first, second, etc.are, in some instances, used herein to describe various elements, theseelements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only usedto distinguish one element from another. For example, a first contactcould be termed a second contact, and, similarly, a second contact couldbe termed a first contact, without departing from the scope of thevarious described embodiments. The first contact and the second contactare both contacts, but they are not the same contact, unless the contextclearly indicates otherwise.

The terminology used in the description of the various describedembodiments herein is for the purpose of describing particularembodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. As used in thedescription of the various described embodiments and the appendedclaims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” are intended to includethe plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicatesotherwise. It will also be understood that the term “and/or” as usedherein refers to and encompasses any and all possible combinations ofone or more of the associated listed items. It will be furtherunderstood that the terms “includes,” “including,” “comprises,” and/or“comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence ofstated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/orcomponents, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or moreother features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components,and/or groups thereof.

As used herein, the term “if” is, optionally, construed to mean “when”or “upon” or “in response to determining” or “in response to detecting,”depending on the context. Similarly, the phrase “if it is determined” or“if [a stated condition or event] is detected” is, optionally, construedto mean “upon determining” or “in response to determining” or “upondetecting [the stated condition or event]” or “in response to detecting[the stated condition or event],” depending on the context.

Embodiments of electronic devices, user interfaces for such devices, andassociated processes for using such devices are described. In someembodiments, the device is a portable communications device, such as amobile telephone, that also contains other functions, such as PDA and/ormusic player functions. Exemplary embodiments of portable multifunctiondevices include, without limitation, the iPhone®, iPod Touch®, and iPad®devices from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif. Other portable electronicdevices, such as laptops or tablet computers with touch-sensitivesurfaces (e.g., touch-screen displays and/or touchpads), are,optionally, used. It should also be understood that, in someembodiments, the device is not a portable communications device, but isa desktop computer with a touch-sensitive surface (e.g., a touch-screendisplay and/or a touchpad).

In the discussion that follows, an electronic device that includes adisplay and a touch-sensitive surface is described. It should beunderstood, however, that the electronic device optionally includes oneor more other physical user-interface devices, such as a physicalkeyboard, a mouse and/or a joystick.

The device typically supports a variety of applications, such as one ormore of the following: a drawing application, a presentationapplication, a word processing application, a website creationapplication, a disk authoring application, a spreadsheet application, agaming application, a telephone application, a video conferencingapplication, an e-mail application, an instant messaging application, aworkout support application, a photo management application, a digitalcamera application, a digital video camera application, a web browsingapplication, a digital music player application, and/or a digital videoplayer application.

The various applications that are executed on the device optionally useat least one common physical user-interface device, such as thetouch-sensitive surface. One or more functions of the touch-sensitivesurface as well as corresponding information displayed on the deviceare, optionally, adjusted and/or varied from one application to the nextand/or within a respective application. In this way, a common physicalarchitecture (such as the touch-sensitive surface) of the deviceoptionally supports the variety of applications with user interfacesthat are intuitive and transparent to the user.

Attention is now directed toward embodiments of portable devices withtouch-sensitive displays. FIG. 1A is a block diagram illustratingportable multifunction device 100 with touch-sensitive display system112 in accordance with some embodiments. Touch-sensitive display system112 is sometimes called a “touch screen” for convenience, and issometimes simply called a touch-sensitive display. Device 100 includesmemory 102 (which optionally includes one or more non-transitorycomputer readable storage mediums), memory controller 122, one or moreprocessing units (CPUs) 120, peripherals interface 118, RF circuitry108, audio circuitry 110, speaker 111, microphone 113, input/output(I/O) subsystem 106, other input or control devices 116, and externalport 124. Device 100 optionally includes one or more optical sensors164. Device 100 optionally includes one or more intensity sensors 165for detecting intensity of contacts on device 100 (e.g., atouch-sensitive surface such as touch-sensitive display system 112 ofdevice 100). Device 100 optionally includes one or more tactile outputgenerators 167 for generating tactile outputs on device 100 (e.g.,generating tactile outputs on a touch-sensitive surface such astouch-sensitive display system 112 of device 100 or touchpad 355 ofdevice 300). These components optionally communicate over one or morecommunication buses or signal lines 103.

As used in the specification and claims, the term “tactile output”refers to physical displacement of a device relative to a previousposition of the device, physical displacement of a component (e.g., atouch-sensitive surface) of a device relative to another component(e.g., housing) of the device, or displacement of the component relativeto a center of mass of the device that will be detected by a user withthe user's sense of touch. For example, in situations where the deviceor the component of the device is in contact with a surface of a userthat is sensitive to touch (e.g., a finger, palm, or other part of auser's hand), the tactile output generated by the physical displacementwill be interpreted by the user as a tactile sensation corresponding toa perceived change in physical characteristics of the device or thecomponent of the device. For example, movement of a touch-sensitivesurface (e.g., a touch-sensitive display or trackpad) is, optionally,interpreted by the user as a “down click” or “up click” of a physicalactuator button. In some cases, a user will feel a tactile sensationsuch as an “down click” or “up click” even when there is no movement ofa physical actuator button associated with the touch-sensitive surfacethat is physically pressed (e.g., displaced) by the user's movements. Asanother example, movement of the touch-sensitive surface is, optionally,interpreted or sensed by the user as “roughness” of the touch-sensitivesurface, even when there is no change in smoothness of thetouch-sensitive surface. While such interpretations of touch by a userwill be subject to the individualized sensory perceptions of the user,there are many sensory perceptions of touch that are common to a largemajority of users. Thus, when a tactile output is described ascorresponding to a particular sensory perception of a user (e.g., an “upclick,” a “down click,” “roughness”), unless otherwise stated, thegenerated tactile output corresponds to physical displacement of thedevice or a component thereof that will generate the described sensoryperception for a typical (or average) user.

It should be appreciated that device 100 is only one example of aportable multifunction device, and that device 100 optionally has moreor fewer components than shown, optionally combines two or morecomponents, or optionally has a different configuration or arrangementof the components. The various components shown in FIG. 1A areimplemented in hardware, software, firmware, or a combination thereof,including one or more signal processing and/or application specificintegrated circuits.

Memory 102 optionally includes high-speed random access memory andoptionally also includes non-volatile memory, such as one or moremagnetic disk storage devices, flash memory devices, or othernon-volatile solid-state memory devices. Access to memory 102 by othercomponents of device 100, such as CPU(s) 120 and the peripheralsinterface 118, is, optionally, controlled by memory controller 122.

Peripherals interface 118 can be used to couple input and outputperipherals of the device to CPU(s) 120 and memory 102. The one or moreprocessors 120 run or execute various software programs and/or sets ofinstructions stored in memory 102 to perform various functions fordevice 100 and to process data.

In some embodiments, peripherals interface 118, CPU(s) 120, and memorycontroller 122 are, optionally, implemented on a single chip, such aschip 104. In some other embodiments, they are, optionally, implementedon separate chips.

RF (radio frequency) circuitry 108 receives and sends RF signals, alsocalled electromagnetic signals. RF circuitry 108 converts electricalsignals to/from electromagnetic signals and communicates withcommunications networks and other communications devices via theelectromagnetic signals. RF circuitry 108 optionally includes well-knowncircuitry for performing these functions, including but not limited toan antenna system, an RF transceiver, one or more amplifiers, a tuner,one or more oscillators, a digital signal processor, a CODEC chipset, asubscriber identity module (SIM) card, memory, and so forth. RFcircuitry 108 optionally communicates with networks, such as theInternet, also referred to as the World Wide Web (WWW), an intranetand/or a wireless network, such as a cellular telephone network, awireless local area network (LAN) and/or a metropolitan area network(MAN), and other devices by wireless communication. The wirelesscommunication optionally uses any of a plurality of communicationsstandards, protocols and technologies, including but not limited toGlobal System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Enhanced Data GSMEnvironment (EDGE), high-speed downlink packet access (HSDPA),high-speed uplink packet access (HSUPA), Evolution, Data-Only (EV-DO),HSPA, HSPA+, Dual-Cell HSPA (DC-HSPDA), long term evolution (LTE), nearfield communication (NFC), wideband code division multiple access(W-CDMA), code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multipleaccess (TDMA), Bluetooth, Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) (e.g., IEEE 802.11a,IEEE 802.11ac, IEEE 802.11ax, IEEE 802.11b, IEEE 802.11g and/or IEEE802.11n), voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), Wi-MAX, a protocol fore-mail (e.g., Internet message access protocol (IMAP) and/or post officeprotocol (POP)), instant messaging (e.g., extensible messaging andpresence protocol (XMPP), Session Initiation Protocol for InstantMessaging and Presence Leveraging Extensions (SIMPLE), Instant Messagingand Presence Service (IMPS)), and/or Short Message Service (SMS), or anyother suitable communication protocol, including communication protocolsnot yet developed as of the filing date of this document.

Audio circuitry 110, speaker 111, and microphone 113 provide an audiointerface between a user and device 100. Audio circuitry 110 receivesaudio data from peripherals interface 118, converts the audio data to anelectrical signal, and transmits the electrical signal to speaker 111.Speaker 111 converts the electrical signal to human-audible sound waves.Audio circuitry 110 also receives electrical signals converted bymicrophone 113 from sound waves. Audio circuitry 110 converts theelectrical signal to audio data and transmits the audio data toperipherals interface 118 for processing. Audio data is, optionally,retrieved from and/or transmitted to memory 102 and/or RF circuitry 108by peripherals interface 118. In some embodiments, audio circuitry 110also includes a headset jack (e.g., 212, FIG. 2). The headset jackprovides an interface between audio circuitry 110 and removable audioinput/output peripherals, such as output-only headphones or a headsetwith both output (e.g., a headphone for one or both ears) and input(e.g., a microphone).

I/O subsystem 106 couples input/output peripherals on device 100, suchas touch-sensitive display system 112 and other input or control devices116, with peripherals interface 118. I/O subsystem 106 optionallyincludes display controller 156, optical sensor controller 158,intensity sensor controller 159, haptic feedback controller 161, and oneor more input controllers 160 for other input or control devices. Theone or more input controllers 160 receive/send electrical signalsfrom/to other input or control devices 116. The other input or controldevices 116 optionally include physical buttons (e.g., push buttons,rocker buttons, etc.), dials, slider switches, joysticks, click wheels,and so forth. In some alternate embodiments, input controller(s) 160are, optionally, coupled with any (or none) of the following: akeyboard, infrared port, USB port, stylus, and/or a pointer device suchas a mouse. The one or more buttons (e.g., 208, FIG. 2) optionallyinclude an up/down button for volume control of speaker 111 and/ormicrophone 113. The one or more buttons optionally include a push button(e.g., 206, FIG. 2).

Touch-sensitive display system 112 provides an input interface and anoutput interface between the device and a user. Display controller 156receives and/or sends electrical signals from/to touch-sensitive displaysystem 112. Touch-sensitive display system 112 displays visual output tothe user. The visual output optionally includes graphics, text, icons,video, and any combination thereof (collectively termed “graphics”). Insome embodiments, some or all of the visual output corresponds touser-interface objects.

Touch-sensitive display system 112 has a touch-sensitive surface, sensoror set of sensors that accepts input from the user based on hapticand/or tactile contact. Touch-sensitive display system 112 and displaycontroller 156 (along with any associated modules and/or sets ofinstructions in memory 102) detect contact (and any movement or breakingof the contact) on touch-sensitive display system 112 and converts thedetected contact into interaction with user-interface objects (e.g., oneor more soft keys, icons, web pages or images) that are displayed ontouch-sensitive display system 112. In some embodiments, a point ofcontact between touch-sensitive display system 112 and the usercorresponds to a finger of the user or a stylus.

Touch-sensitive display system 112 optionally uses LCD (liquid crystaldisplay) technology, LPD (light emitting polymer display) technology, orLED (light emitting diode) technology, although other displaytechnologies are used in other embodiments. Touch-sensitive displaysystem 112 and display controller 156 optionally detect contact and anymovement or breaking thereof using any of a plurality of touch sensingtechnologies now known or later developed, including but not limited tocapacitive, resistive, infrared, and surface acoustic wave technologies,as well as other proximity sensor arrays or other elements fordetermining one or more points of contact with touch-sensitive displaysystem 112. In some embodiments, projected mutual capacitance sensingtechnology is used, such as that found in the iPhone®, iPod Touch®, andiPad® from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif.

Touch-sensitive display system 112 optionally has a video resolution inexcess of 100 dpi. In some embodiments, the touch screen videoresolution is in excess of 400 dpi (e.g., 500 dpi, 800 dpi, or greater).The user optionally makes contact with touch-sensitive display system112 using any suitable object or appendage, such as a stylus, a finger,and so forth. In some embodiments, the user interface is designed towork with finger-based contacts and gestures, which can be less precisethan stylus-based input due to the larger area of contact of a finger onthe touch screen. In some embodiments, the device translates the roughfinger-based input into a precise pointer/cursor position or command forperforming the actions desired by the user.

In some embodiments, in addition to the touch screen, device 100optionally includes a touchpad (not shown) for activating ordeactivating particular functions. In some embodiments, the touchpad isa touch-sensitive area of the device that, unlike the touch screen, doesnot display visual output. The touchpad is, optionally, atouch-sensitive surface that is separate from touch-sensitive displaysystem 112 or an extension of the touch-sensitive surface formed by thetouch screen.

Device 100 also includes power system 162 for powering the variouscomponents. Power system 162 optionally includes a power managementsystem, one or more power sources (e.g., battery, alternating current(AC)), a recharging system, a power failure detection circuit, a powerconverter or inverter, a power status indicator (e.g., a light-emittingdiode (LED)) and any other components associated with the generation,management and distribution of power in portable devices.

Device 100 optionally also includes one or more optical sensors 164.FIG. 1A shows an optical sensor coupled with optical sensor controller158 in I/O subsystem 106. Optical sensor(s) 164 optionally includecharge-coupled device (CCD) or complementary metal-oxide semiconductor(CMOS) phototransistors. Optical sensor(s) 164 receive light from theenvironment, projected through one or more lens, and converts the lightto data representing an image. In conjunction with imaging module 143(also called a camera module), optical sensor(s) 164 optionally capturestill images and/or video. In some embodiments, an optical sensor islocated on the back of device 100, opposite touch-sensitive displaysystem 112 on the front of the device, so that the touch screen isenabled for use as a viewfinder for still and/or video imageacquisition. In some embodiments, another optical sensor is located onthe front of the device so that the user's image is obtained (e.g., forselfies, for videoconferencing while the user views the other videoconference participants on the touch screen, etc.).

Device 100 optionally also includes one or more contact intensitysensors 165. FIG. 1A shows a contact intensity sensor coupled withintensity sensor controller 159 in I/O subsystem 106. Contact intensitysensor(s) 165 optionally include one or more piezoresistive straingauges, capacitive force sensors, electric force sensors, piezoelectricforce sensors, optical force sensors, capacitive touch-sensitivesurfaces, or other intensity sensors (e.g., sensors used to measure theforce (or pressure) of a contact on a touch-sensitive surface). Contactintensity sensor(s) 165 receive contact intensity information (e.g.,pressure information or a proxy for pressure information) from theenvironment. In some embodiments, at least one contact intensity sensoris collocated with, or proximate to, a touch-sensitive surface (e.g.,touch-sensitive display system 112). In some embodiments, at least onecontact intensity sensor is located on the back of device 100, oppositetouch-screen display system 112 which is located on the front of device100.

Device 100 optionally also includes one or more proximity sensors 166.FIG. 1A shows proximity sensor 166 coupled with peripherals interface118. Alternately, proximity sensor 166 is coupled with input controller160 in I/O subsystem 106. In some embodiments, the proximity sensorturns off and disables touch-sensitive display system 112 when themultifunction device is placed near the user's ear (e.g., when the useris making a phone call).

Device 100 optionally also includes one or more tactile outputgenerators 167. FIG. 1A shows a tactile output generator coupled withhaptic feedback controller 161 in I/O subsystem 106. Tactile outputgenerator(s) 167 optionally include one or more electroacoustic devicessuch as speakers or other audio components and/or electromechanicaldevices that convert energy into linear motion such as a motor,solenoid, electroactive polymer, piezoelectric actuator, electrostaticactuator, or other tactile output generating component (e.g., acomponent that converts electrical signals into tactile outputs on thedevice). In some embodiments, tactile output generator(s) 167 receivetactile feedback generation instructions from haptic feedback module 133and generates tactile outputs on device 100 that are capable of beingsensed by a user of device 100. In some embodiments, at least onetactile output generator is collocated with, or proximate to, atouch-sensitive surface (e.g., touch-sensitive display system 112) and,optionally, generates a tactile output by moving the touch-sensitivesurface vertically (e.g., in/out of a surface of device 100) orlaterally (e.g., back and forth in the same plane as a surface of device100). In some embodiments, at least one tactile output generator sensoris located on the back of device 100, opposite touch-sensitive displaysystem 112, which is located on the front of device 100.

Device 100 optionally also includes one or more accelerometers 168. FIG.1A shows accelerometer 168 coupled with peripherals interface 118.Alternately, accelerometer 168 is, optionally, coupled with an inputcontroller 160 in I/O subsystem 106. In some embodiments, information isdisplayed on the touch-screen display in a portrait view or a landscapeview based on an analysis of data received from the one or moreaccelerometers. Device 100 optionally includes, in addition toaccelerometer(s) 168, a magnetometer (not shown) and a GPS (or GLONASSor other global navigation system) receiver (not shown) for obtaininginformation concerning the location and orientation (e.g., portrait orlandscape) of device 100.

In some embodiments, the software components stored in memory 102include operating system 126, communication module (or set ofinstructions) 128, contact/motion module (or set of instructions) 130,graphics module (or set of instructions) 132, haptic feedback module (orset of instructions) 133, text input module (or set of instructions)134, Global Positioning System (GPS) module (or set of instructions)135, and applications (or sets of instructions) 136. Furthermore, insome embodiments, memory 102 stores device/global internal state 157, asshown in FIGS. 1A and 3. Device/global internal state 157 includes oneor more of: active application state, indicating which applications, ifany, are currently active; display state, indicating what applications,views or other information occupy various regions of touch-sensitivedisplay system 112; sensor state, including information obtained fromthe device's various sensors and other input or control devices 116; andlocation and/or positional information concerning the device's locationand/or attitude.

Operating system 126 (e.g., iOS, Darwin, RTXC, LINUX, UNIX, OS X,WINDOWS, or an embedded operating system such as VxWorks) includesvarious software components and/or drivers for controlling and managinggeneral system tasks (e.g., memory management, storage device control,power management, etc.) and facilitates communication between varioushardware and software components.

Communication module 128 facilitates communication with other devicesover one or more external ports 124 and also includes various softwarecomponents for handling data received by RF circuitry 108 and/orexternal port 124. External port 124 (e.g., Universal Serial Bus (USB),FIREWIRE, etc.) is adapted for coupling directly to other devices orindirectly over a network (e.g., the Internet, wireless LAN, etc.). Insome embodiments, the external port is a multi-pin (e.g., 30-pin)connector that is the same as, or similar to and/or compatible with the30-pin connector used in some iPhone®, iPod Touch®, and iPad® devicesfrom Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif. In some embodiments, the externalport is a Lightning connector that is the same as, or similar to and/orcompatible with the Lightning connector used in some iPhone®, iPodTouch®, and iPad® devices from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif.

Contact/motion module 130 optionally detects contact withtouch-sensitive display system 112 (in conjunction with displaycontroller 156) and other touch-sensitive devices (e.g., a touchpad orphysical click wheel). Contact/motion module 130 includes varioussoftware components for performing various operations related todetection of contact (e.g., by a finger or by a stylus), such asdetermining if contact has occurred (e.g., detecting a finger-downevent), determining an intensity of the contact (e.g., the force orpressure of the contact or a substitute for the force or pressure of thecontact), determining if there is movement of the contact and trackingthe movement across the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., detecting one ormore finger-dragging events), and determining if the contact has ceased(e.g., detecting a finger-up event or a break in contact).Contact/motion module 130 receives contact data from the touch-sensitivesurface. Determining movement of the point of contact, which isrepresented by a series of contact data, optionally includes determiningspeed (magnitude), velocity (magnitude and direction), and/or anacceleration (a change in magnitude and/or direction) of the point ofcontact. These operations are, optionally, applied to single contacts(e.g., one finger contacts or stylus contacts) or to multiplesimultaneous contacts (e.g., “multitouch”/multiple finger contactsand/or stylus contacts). In some embodiments, contact/motion module 130and display controller 156 detect contact on a touchpad.

Contact/motion module 130 optionally detects a gesture input by a user.Different gestures on the touch-sensitive surface have different contactpatterns (e.g., different motions, timings, and/or intensities ofdetected contacts). Thus, a gesture is, optionally, detected bydetecting a particular contact pattern. For example, detecting a fingertap gesture includes detecting a finger-down event followed by detectinga finger-up (lift off) event at the same position (or substantially thesame position) as the finger-down event (e.g., at the position of anicon). As another example, detecting a finger swipe gesture on thetouch-sensitive surface includes detecting a finger-down event followedby detecting one or more finger-dragging events, and subsequentlyfollowed by detecting a finger-up (lift off) event. Similarly, tap,swipe, drag, and other gestures are optionally detected for a stylus bydetecting a particular contact pattern for the stylus.

Graphics module 132 includes various known software components forrendering and displaying graphics on touch-sensitive display system 112or other display, including components for changing the visual impact(e.g., brightness, transparency, saturation, contrast or other visualproperty) of graphics that are displayed. As used herein, the term“graphics” includes any object that can be displayed to a user,including without limitation text, web pages, icons (such asuser-interface objects including soft keys), digital images, videos,animations and the like.

In some embodiments, graphics module 132 stores data representinggraphics to be used. Each graphic is, optionally, assigned acorresponding code. Graphics module 132 receives, from applicationsetc., one or more codes specifying graphics to be displayed along with,if necessary, coordinate data and other graphic property data, and thengenerates screen image data to output to display controller 156.

Haptic feedback module 133 includes various software components forgenerating instructions (e.g., instructions used by haptic feedbackcontroller 161) to produce tactile outputs using tactile outputgenerator(s) 167 at one or more locations on device 100 in response touser interactions with device 100.

Text input module 134, which is, optionally, a component of graphicsmodule 132, provides soft keyboards for entering text in variousapplications (e.g., contacts 137, e-mail 140, IM 141, browser 147, andany other application that needs text input).

GPS module 135 determines the location of the device and provides thisinformation for use in various applications (e.g., to telephone 138 foruse in location-based dialing, to camera 143 as picture/video metadata,and to applications that provide location-based services such as weatherwidgets, local yellow page widgets, and map/navigation widgets).

Applications 136 optionally include the following modules (or sets ofinstructions), or a subset or superset thereof:

-   -   contacts module 137 (sometimes called an address book or contact        list);    -   telephone module 138;    -   video conferencing module 139;    -   e-mail client module 140;    -   instant messaging (IM) module 141;    -   workout support module 142;    -   camera module 143 for still and/or video images;    -   image management module 144;    -   browser module 147;    -   calendar module 148;    -   widget modules 149, which optionally include one or more of:        weather widget 149-1, stocks widget 149-2, calculator widget        149-3, alarm clock widget 149-4, dictionary widget 149-5, and        other widgets obtained by the user, as well as user-created        widgets 149-6;    -   widget creator module 150 for making user-created widgets 149-6;    -   search module 151;    -   video and music player module 152, which is, optionally, made up        of a video player module and a music player module;    -   notes module 153;    -   map module 154; and/or    -   online video module 155.

Examples of other applications 136 that are, optionally, stored inmemory 102 include other word processing applications, other imageediting applications, drawing applications, presentation applications,JAVA-enabled applications, encryption, digital rights management, voicerecognition, and voice replication.

In conjunction with touch-sensitive display system 112, displaycontroller 156, contact module 130, graphics module 132, and text inputmodule 134, contacts module 137 includes executable instructions tomanage an address book or contact list (e.g., stored in applicationinternal state 192 of contacts module 137 in memory 102 or memory 370),including: adding name(s) to the address book; deleting name(s) from theaddress book; associating telephone number(s), e-mail address(es),physical address(es) or other information with a name; associating animage with a name; categorizing and sorting names; providing telephonenumbers and/or e-mail addresses to initiate and/or facilitatecommunications by telephone 138, video conference 139, e-mail 140, or IM141; and so forth.

In conjunction with RF circuitry 108, audio circuitry 110, speaker 111,microphone 113, touch-sensitive display system 112, display controller156, contact module 130, graphics module 132, and text input module 134,telephone module 138 includes executable instructions to enter asequence of characters corresponding to a telephone number, access oneor more telephone numbers in address book 137, modify a telephone numberthat has been entered, dial a respective telephone number, conduct aconversation and disconnect or hang up when the conversation iscompleted. As noted above, the wireless communication optionally usesany of a plurality of communications standards, protocols andtechnologies.

In conjunction with RF circuitry 108, audio circuitry 110, speaker 111,microphone 113, touch-sensitive display system 112, display controller156, optical sensor(s) 164, optical sensor controller 158, contactmodule 130, graphics module 132, text input module 134, contact list137, and telephone module 138, videoconferencing module 139 includesexecutable instructions to initiate, conduct, and terminate a videoconference between a user and one or more other participants inaccordance with user instructions.

In conjunction with RF circuitry 108, touch-sensitive display system112, display controller 156, contact module 130, graphics module 132,and text input module 134, e-mail client module 140 includes executableinstructions to create, send, receive, and manage e-mail in response touser instructions. In conjunction with image management module 144,e-mail client module 140 makes it very easy to create and send e-mailswith still or video images taken with camera module 143.

In conjunction with RF circuitry 108, touch-sensitive display system112, display controller 156, contact module 130, graphics module 132,and text input module 134, the instant messaging module 141 includesexecutable instructions to enter a sequence of characters correspondingto an instant message, to modify previously entered characters, totransmit a respective instant message (for example, using a ShortMessage Service (SMS) or Multimedia Message Service (MIMS) protocol fortelephony-based instant messages or using XMPP, SIMPLE, Apple PushNotification Service (APNs) or IMPS for Internet-based instantmessages), to receive instant messages and to view received instantmessages. In some embodiments, transmitted and/or received instantmessages optionally include graphics, photos, audio files, video filesand/or other attachments as are supported in a MIMS and/or an EnhancedMessaging Service (EMS). As used herein, “instant messaging” refers toboth telephony-based messages (e.g., messages sent using SMS or MIMS)and Internet-based messages (e.g., messages sent using XMPP, SIMPLE,APNs, or IMPS).

In conjunction with RF circuitry 108, touch-sensitive display system112, display controller 156, contact module 130, graphics module 132,text input module 134, GPS module 135, map module 154, and music playermodule 146, workout support module 142 includes executable instructionsto create workouts (e.g., with time, distance, and/or calorie burninggoals); communicate with workout sensors (in sports devices and smartwatches); receive workout sensor data; calibrate sensors used to monitora workout; select and play music for a workout; and display, store andtransmit workout data.

In conjunction with touch-sensitive display system 112, displaycontroller 156, optical sensor(s) 164, optical sensor controller 158,contact module 130, graphics module 132, and image management module144, camera module 143 includes executable instructions to capture stillimages or video (including a video stream) and store them into memory102, modify characteristics of a still image or video, and/or delete astill image or video from memory 102.

In conjunction with touch-sensitive display system 112, displaycontroller 156, contact module 130, graphics module 132, text inputmodule 134, and camera module 143, image management module 144 includesexecutable instructions to arrange, modify (e.g., edit), or otherwisemanipulate, label, delete, present (e.g., in a digital slide show oralbum), and store still and/or video images.

In conjunction with RF circuitry 108, touch-sensitive display system112, display system controller 156, contact module 130, graphics module132, and text input module 134, browser module 147 includes executableinstructions to browse the Internet in accordance with userinstructions, including searching, linking to, receiving, and displayingweb pages or portions thereof, as well as attachments and other fileslinked to web pages.

In conjunction with RF circuitry 108, touch-sensitive display system112, display system controller 156, contact module 130, graphics module132, text input module 134, e-mail client module 140, and browser module147, calendar module 148 includes executable instructions to create,display, modify, and store calendars and data associated with calendars(e.g., calendar entries, to do lists, etc.) in accordance with userinstructions.

In conjunction with RF circuitry 108, touch-sensitive display system112, display system controller 156, contact module 130, graphics module132, text input module 134, and browser module 147, widget modules 149are mini-applications that are, optionally, downloaded and used by auser (e.g., weather widget 149-1, stocks widget 149-2, calculator widget149-3, alarm clock widget 149-4, and dictionary widget 149-5) or createdby the user (e.g., user-created widget 149-6). In some embodiments, awidget includes an HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) file, a CSS(Cascading Style Sheets) file, and a JavaScript file. In someembodiments, a widget includes an XML (Extensible Markup Language) fileand a JavaScript file (e.g., Yahoo! Widgets).

In conjunction with RF circuitry 108, touch-sensitive display system112, display system controller 156, contact module 130, graphics module132, text input module 134, and browser module 147, the widget creatormodule 150 includes executable instructions to create widgets (e.g.,turning a user-specified portion of a web page into a widget).

In conjunction with touch-sensitive display system 112, display systemcontroller 156, contact module 130, graphics module 132, and text inputmodule 134, search module 151 includes executable instructions to searchfor text, music, sound, image, video, and/or other files in memory 102that match one or more search criteria (e.g., one or more user-specifiedsearch terms) in accordance with user instructions.

In conjunction with touch-sensitive display system 112, display systemcontroller 156, contact module 130, graphics module 132, audio circuitry110, speaker 111, RF circuitry 108, and browser module 147, video andmusic player module 152 includes executable instructions that allow theuser to download and play back recorded music and other sound filesstored in one or more file formats, such as MP3 or AAC files, andexecutable instructions to display, present or otherwise play backvideos (e.g., on touch-sensitive display system 112, or on an externaldisplay connected wirelessly or via external port 124). In someembodiments, device 100 optionally includes the functionality of an MP3player, such as an iPod (trademark of Apple Inc.).

In conjunction with touch-sensitive display system 112, displaycontroller 156, contact module 130, graphics module 132, and text inputmodule 134, notes module 153 includes executable instructions to createand manage notes, to do lists, and the like in accordance with userinstructions.

In conjunction with RF circuitry 108, touch-sensitive display system112, display system controller 156, contact module 130, graphics module132, text input module 134, GPS module 135, and browser module 147, mapmodule 154 includes executable instructions to receive, display, modify,and store maps and data associated with maps (e.g., driving directions;data on stores and other points of interest at or near a particularlocation; and other location-based data) in accordance with userinstructions.

In conjunction with touch-sensitive display system 112, display systemcontroller 156, contact module 130, graphics module 132, audio circuitry110, speaker 111, RF circuitry 108, text input module 134, e-mail clientmodule 140, and browser module 147, online video module 155 includesexecutable instructions that allow the user to access, browse, receive(e.g., by streaming and/or download), play back (e.g., on the touchscreen 112, or on an external display connected wirelessly or viaexternal port 124), send an e-mail with a link to a particular onlinevideo, and otherwise manage online videos in one or more file formats,such as H.264. In some embodiments, instant messaging module 141, ratherthan e-mail client module 140, is used to send a link to a particularonline video.

Each of the above identified modules and applications correspond to aset of executable instructions for performing one or more functionsdescribed above and the methods described in this application (e.g., thecomputer-implemented methods and other information processing methodsdescribed herein). These modules (i.e., sets of instructions) need notbe implemented as separate software programs, procedures or modules, andthus various subsets of these modules are, optionally, combined orotherwise re-arranged in various embodiments. In some embodiments,memory 102 optionally stores a subset of the modules and data structuresidentified above. Furthermore, memory 102 optionally stores additionalmodules and data structures not described above.

In some embodiments, device 100 is a device where operation of apredefined set of functions on the device is performed exclusivelythrough a touch screen and/or a touchpad. By using a touch screen and/ora touchpad as the primary input control device for operation of device100, the number of physical input control devices (such as push buttons,dials, and the like) on device 100 is, optionally, reduced.

The predefined set of functions that are performed exclusively through atouch screen and/or a touchpad optionally include navigation betweenuser interfaces. In some embodiments, the touchpad, when touched by theuser, navigates device 100 to a main, home, or root menu from any userinterface that is displayed on device 100. In such embodiments, a “menubutton” is implemented using a touchpad. In some other embodiments, themenu button is a physical push button or other physical input controldevice instead of a touchpad.

FIG. 1B is a block diagram illustrating exemplary components for eventhandling in accordance with some embodiments. In some embodiments,memory 102 (in FIG. 1A) or 370 (FIG. 3) includes event sorter 170 (e.g.,in operating system 126) and a respective application 136-1 (e.g., anyof the aforementioned applications 136, 137-155, 380-390).

Event sorter 170 receives event information and determines theapplication 136-1 and application view 191 of application 136-1 to whichto deliver the event information. Event sorter 170 includes eventmonitor 171 and event dispatcher module 174. In some embodiments,application 136-1 includes application internal state 192, whichindicates the current application view(s) displayed on touch-sensitivedisplay system 112 when the application is active or executing. In someembodiments, device/global internal state 157 is used by event sorter170 to determine which application(s) is (are) currently active, andapplication internal state 192 is used by event sorter 170 to determineapplication views 191 to which to deliver event information.

In some embodiments, application internal state 192 includes additionalinformation, such as one or more of: resume information to be used whenapplication 136-1 resumes execution, user interface state informationthat indicates information being displayed or that is ready for displayby application 136-1, a state queue for enabling the user to go back toa prior state or view of application 136-1, and a redo/undo queue ofprevious actions taken by the user.

Event monitor 171 receives event information from peripherals interface118. Event information includes information about a sub-event (e.g., auser touch on touch-sensitive display system 112, as part of amulti-touch gesture). Peripherals interface 118 transmits information itreceives from I/O subsystem 106 or a sensor, such as proximity sensor166, accelerometer(s) 168, and/or microphone 113 (through audiocircuitry 110). Information that peripherals interface 118 receives fromI/O subsystem 106 includes information from touch-sensitive displaysystem 112 or a touch-sensitive surface.

In some embodiments, event monitor 171 sends requests to the peripheralsinterface 118 at predetermined intervals. In response, peripheralsinterface 118 transmits event information. In other embodiments,peripheral interface 118 transmits event information only when there isa significant event (e.g., receiving an input above a predeterminednoise threshold and/or for more than a predetermined duration).

In some embodiments, event sorter 170 also includes a hit viewdetermination module 172 and/or an active event recognizer determinationmodule 173.

Hit view determination module 172 provides software procedures fordetermining where a sub-event has taken place within one or more views,when touch-sensitive display system 112 displays more than one view.Views are made up of controls and other elements that a user can see onthe display.

Another aspect of the user interface associated with an application is aset of views, sometimes herein called application views or userinterface windows, in which information is displayed and touch-basedgestures occur. The application views (of a respective application) inwhich a touch is detected optionally correspond to programmatic levelswithin a programmatic or view hierarchy of the application. For example,the lowest level view in which a touch is detected is, optionally,called the hit view, and the set of events that are recognized as properinputs are, optionally, determined based, at least in part, on the hitview of the initial touch that begins a touch-based gesture.

Hit view determination module 172 receives information related tosub-events of a touch-based gesture. When an application has multipleviews organized in a hierarchy, hit view determination module 172identifies a hit view as the lowest view in the hierarchy which shouldhandle the sub-event. In most circumstances, the hit view is the lowestlevel view in which an initiating sub-event occurs (i.e., the firstsub-event in the sequence of sub-events that form an event or potentialevent). Once the hit view is identified by the hit view determinationmodule, the hit view typically receives all sub-events related to thesame touch or input source for which it was identified as the hit view.

Active event recognizer determination module 173 determines which viewor views within a view hierarchy should receive a particular sequence ofsub-events. In some embodiments, active event recognizer determinationmodule 173 determines that only the hit view should receive a particularsequence of sub-events. In other embodiments, active event recognizerdetermination module 173 determines that all views that include thephysical location of a sub-event are actively involved views, andtherefore determines that all actively involved views should receive aparticular sequence of sub-events. In other embodiments, even if touchsub-events were entirely confined to the area associated with oneparticular view, views higher in the hierarchy would still remain asactively involved views.

Event dispatcher module 174 dispatches the event information to an eventrecognizer (e.g., event recognizer 180). In embodiments including activeevent recognizer determination module 173, event dispatcher module 174delivers the event information to an event recognizer determined byactive event recognizer determination module 173. In some embodiments,event dispatcher module 174 stores in an event queue the eventinformation, which is retrieved by a respective event receiver module182.

In some embodiments, operating system 126 includes event sorter 170.Alternatively, application 136-1 includes event sorter 170. In yet otherembodiments, event sorter 170 is a stand-alone module, or a part ofanother module stored in memory 102, such as contact/motion module 130.

In some embodiments, application 136-1 includes a plurality of eventhandlers 190 and one or more application views 191, each of whichincludes instructions for handling touch events that occur within arespective view of the application's user interface. Each applicationview 191 of the application 136-1 includes one or more event recognizers180. Typically, a respective application view 191 includes a pluralityof event recognizers 180. In other embodiments, one or more of eventrecognizers 180 are part of a separate module, such as a user interfacekit (not shown) or a higher level object from which application 136-1inherits methods and other properties. In some embodiments, a respectiveevent handler 190 includes one or more of: data updater 176, objectupdater 177, GUI updater 178, and/or event data 179 received from eventsorter 170. Event handler 190 optionally utilizes or calls data updater176, object updater 177 or GUI updater 178 to update the applicationinternal state 192. Alternatively, one or more of the application views191 includes one or more respective event handlers 190. Also, in someembodiments, one or more of data updater 176, object updater 177, andGUI updater 178 are included in a respective application view 191.

A respective event recognizer 180 receives event information (e.g.,event data 179) from event sorter 170, and identifies an event from theevent information. Event recognizer 180 includes event receiver 182 andevent comparator 184. In some embodiments, event recognizer 180 alsoincludes at least a subset of: metadata 183, and event deliveryinstructions 188 (which optionally include sub-event deliveryinstructions).

Event receiver 182 receives event information from event sorter 170. Theevent information includes information about a sub-event, for example, atouch or a touch movement. Depending on the sub-event, the eventinformation also includes additional information, such as location ofthe sub-event. When the sub-event concerns motion of a touch, the eventinformation optionally also includes speed and direction of thesub-event. In some embodiments, events include rotation of the devicefrom one orientation to another (e.g., from a portrait orientation to alandscape orientation, or vice versa), and the event informationincludes corresponding information about the current orientation (alsocalled device attitude) of the device.

Event comparator 184 compares the event information to predefined eventor sub-event definitions and, based on the comparison, determines anevent or sub-event, or determines or updates the state of an event orsub-event. In some embodiments, event comparator 184 includes eventdefinitions 186. Event definitions 186 contain definitions of events(e.g., predefined sequences of sub-events), for example, event 1(187-1), event 2 (187-2), and others. In some embodiments, sub-events inan event 187 include, for example, touch begin, touch end, touchmovement, touch cancellation, and multiple touching. In one example, thedefinition for event 1 (187-1) is a double tap on a displayed object.The double tap, for example, comprises a first touch (touch begin) onthe displayed object for a predetermined phase, a first lift-off (touchend) for a predetermined phase, a second touch (touch begin) on thedisplayed object for a predetermined phase, and a second lift-off (touchend) for a predetermined phase. In another example, the definition forevent 2 (187-2) is a dragging on a displayed object. The dragging, forexample, comprises a touch (or contact) on the displayed object for apredetermined phase, a movement of the touch across touch-sensitivedisplay system 112, and lift-off of the touch (touch end). In someembodiments, the event also includes information for one or moreassociated event handlers 190.

In some embodiments, event definition 187 includes a definition of anevent for a respective user-interface object. In some embodiments, eventcomparator 184 performs a hit test to determine which user-interfaceobject is associated with a sub-event. For example, in an applicationview in which three user-interface objects are displayed ontouch-sensitive display system 112, when a touch is detected ontouch-sensitive display system 112, event comparator 184 performs a hittest to determine which of the three user-interface objects isassociated with the touch (sub-event). If each displayed object isassociated with a respective event handler 190, the event comparatoruses the result of the hit test to determine which event handler 190should be activated. For example, event comparator 184 selects an eventhandler associated with the sub-event and the object triggering the hittest.

In some embodiments, the definition for a respective event 187 alsoincludes delayed actions that delay delivery of the event informationuntil after it has been determined whether the sequence of sub-eventsdoes or does not correspond to the event recognizer's event type.

When a respective event recognizer 180 determines that the series ofsub-events do not match any of the events in event definitions 186, therespective event recognizer 180 enters an event impossible, eventfailed, or event ended state, after which it disregards subsequentsub-events of the touch-based gesture. In this situation, other eventrecognizers, if any, that remain active for the hit view continue totrack and process sub-events of an ongoing touch-based gesture.

In some embodiments, a respective event recognizer 180 includes metadata183 with configurable properties, flags, and/or lists that indicate howthe event delivery system should perform sub-event delivery to activelyinvolved event recognizers. In some embodiments, metadata 183 includesconfigurable properties, flags, and/or lists that indicate how eventrecognizers interact, or are enabled to interact, with one another. Insome embodiments, metadata 183 includes configurable properties, flags,and/or lists that indicate whether sub-events are delivered to varyinglevels in the view or programmatic hierarchy.

In some embodiments, a respective event recognizer 180 activates eventhandler 190 associated with an event when one or more particularsub-events of an event are recognized. In some embodiments, a respectiveevent recognizer 180 delivers event information associated with theevent to event handler 190. Activating an event handler 190 is distinctfrom sending (and deferred sending) sub-events to a respective hit view.In some embodiments, event recognizer 180 throws a flag associated withthe recognized event, and event handler 190 associated with the flagcatches the flag and performs a predefined process.

In some embodiments, event delivery instructions 188 include sub-eventdelivery instructions that deliver event information about a sub-eventwithout activating an event handler. Instead, the sub-event deliveryinstructions deliver event information to event handlers associated withthe series of sub-events or to actively involved views. Event handlersassociated with the series of sub-events or with actively involved viewsreceive the event information and perform a predetermined process.

In some embodiments, data updater 176 creates and updates data used inapplication 136-1. For example, data updater 176 updates the telephonenumber used in contacts module 137, or stores a video file used in videoplayer module 145. In some embodiments, object updater 177 creates andupdates objects used in application 136-1. For example, object updater177 creates a new user-interface object or updates the position of auser-interface object. GUI updater 178 updates the GUI. For example, GUIupdater 178 prepares display information and sends it to graphics module132 for display on a touch-sensitive display.

In some embodiments, event handler(s) 190 includes or has access to dataupdater 176, object updater 177, and GUI updater 178. In someembodiments, data updater 176, object updater 177, and GUI updater 178are included in a single module of a respective application 136-1 orapplication view 191. In other embodiments, they are included in two ormore software modules.

It shall be understood that the foregoing discussion regarding eventhandling of user touches on touch-sensitive displays also applies toother forms of user inputs to operate multifunction devices 100 withinput-devices, not all of which are initiated on touch screens. Forexample, mouse movement and mouse button presses, optionally coordinatedwith single or multiple keyboard presses or holds; contact movementssuch as taps, drags, scrolls, etc., on touch-pads; pen stylus inputs;movement of the device; oral instructions; detected eye movements;biometric inputs; and/or any combination thereof are optionally utilizedas inputs corresponding to sub-events which define an event to berecognized.

FIG. 2 illustrates a portable multifunction device 100 having a touchscreen (e.g., touch-sensitive display system 112, FIG. 1A) in accordancewith some embodiments. The touch screen optionally displays one or moregraphics within user interface (UI) 200. In these embodiments, as wellas others described below, a user is enabled to select one or more ofthe graphics by making a gesture on the graphics, for example, with oneor more fingers 202 (not drawn to scale in the figure) or one or morestyluses 203 (not drawn to scale in the figure). In some embodiments,selection of one or more graphics occurs when the user breaks contactwith the one or more graphics. In some embodiments, the gestureoptionally includes one or more taps, one or more swipes (from left toright, right to left, upward and/or downward) and/or a rolling of afinger (from right to left, left to right, upward and/or downward) thathas made contact with device 100. In some implementations orcircumstances, inadvertent contact with a graphic does not select thegraphic. For example, a swipe gesture that sweeps over an applicationicon optionally does not select the corresponding application when thegesture corresponding to selection is a tap.

Device 100 optionally also includes one or more physical buttons, suchas “home” or menu button 204. As described previously, menu button 204is, optionally, used to navigate to any application 136 in a set ofapplications that are, optionally executed on device 100. Alternatively,in some embodiments, the menu button is implemented as a soft key in aGUI displayed on the touch-screen display.

In some embodiments, device 100 includes the touch-screen display, menubutton 204, push button 206 for powering the device on/off and lockingthe device, volume adjustment button(s) 208, Subscriber Identity Module(SIM) card slot 210, head set jack 212, and docking/charging externalport 124. Push button 206 is, optionally, used to turn the power on/offon the device by depressing the button and holding the button in thedepressed state for a predefined time interval; to lock the device bydepressing the button and releasing the button before the predefinedtime interval has elapsed; and/or to unlock the device or initiate anunlock process. In some embodiments, device 100 also accepts verbalinput for activation or deactivation of some functions throughmicrophone 113. Device 100 also, optionally, includes one or morecontact intensity sensors 165 for detecting intensity of contacts ontouch-sensitive display system 112 and/or one or more tactile outputgenerators 167 for generating tactile outputs for a user of device 100.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an exemplary multifunction device with adisplay and a touch-sensitive surface in accordance with someembodiments. Device 300 need not be portable. In some embodiments,device 300 is a laptop computer, a desktop computer, a tablet computer,a multimedia player device, a navigation device, an educational device(such as a child's learning toy), a gaming system, or a control device(e.g., a home or industrial controller). Device 300 typically includesone or more processing units (CPU's) 310, one or more network or othercommunications interfaces 360, memory 370, and one or more communicationbuses 320 for interconnecting these components. Communication buses 320optionally include circuitry (sometimes called a chipset) thatinterconnects and controls communications between system components.Device 300 includes input/output (I/O) interface 330 comprising display340, which is typically a touch-screen display. I/O interface 330 alsooptionally includes a keyboard and/or mouse (or other pointing device)350 and touchpad 355, tactile output generator 357 for generatingtactile outputs on device 300 (e.g., similar to tactile outputgenerator(s) 167 described above with reference to FIG. 1A), sensors 359(e.g., optical, acceleration, proximity, touch-sensitive, and/or contactintensity sensors similar to contact intensity sensor(s) 165 describedabove with reference to FIG. 1A). Memory 370 includes high-speed randomaccess memory, such as DRAM, SRAM, DDR RAM or other random access solidstate memory devices; and optionally includes non-volatile memory, suchas one or more magnetic disk storage devices, optical disk storagedevices, flash memory devices, or other non-volatile solid state storagedevices. Memory 370 optionally includes one or more storage devicesremotely located from CPU(s) 310. In some embodiments, memory 370 storesprograms, modules, and data structures analogous to the programs,modules, and data structures stored in memory 102 of portablemultifunction device 100 (FIG. 1A), or a subset thereof. Furthermore,memory 370 optionally stores additional programs, modules, and datastructures not present in memory 102 of portable multifunction device100. For example, memory 370 of device 300 optionally stores drawingmodule 380, presentation module 382, word processing module 384, website creation module 386, disk authoring module 388, and/or spreadsheetmodule 390, while memory 102 of portable multifunction device 100 (FIG.1A) optionally does not store these modules.

Each of the above identified elements in FIG. 3 is, optionally, storedin one or more of the previously mentioned memory devices. Each of theabove identified modules corresponds to a set of instructions forperforming a function described above. The above identified modules orprograms (i.e., sets of instructions) need not be implemented asseparate software programs, procedures or modules, and thus varioussubsets of these modules are, optionally, combined or otherwisere-arranged in various embodiments. In some embodiments, memory 370optionally stores a subset of the modules and data structures identifiedabove. Furthermore, memory 370 optionally stores additional modules anddata structures not described above.

Attention is now directed towards embodiments of user interfaces (“UI”)that are, optionally, implemented on portable multifunction device 100.

FIG. 4A illustrates an exemplary user interface for a menu ofapplications on portable multifunction device 100 in accordance withsome embodiments. Similar user interfaces are, optionally, implementedon device 300. In some embodiments, user interface 400 includes thefollowing elements, or a subset or superset thereof:

-   -   Signal strength indicator(s) 402 for wireless communication(s),        such as cellular and Wi-Fi signals;    -   Time 404;    -   a Bluetooth indicator;    -   Battery status indicator 406;    -   Tray 408 with icons for frequently used applications, such as:        -   Icon 416 for telephone module 138, labeled “Phone,” which            optionally includes an indicator 414 of the number of missed            calls or voicemail messages;        -   Icon 418 for e-mail client module 140, labeled “Mail,” which            optionally includes an indicator 410 of the number of unread            e-mails;        -   Icon 420 for browser module 147, labeled “Browser,” and        -   Icon 422 for video and music player module 152, also            referred to as iPod (trademark of Apple Inc.) module 152,            labeled “iPod,” and    -   Icons for other applications, such as:        -   Icon 424 for IM module 141, labeled “Messages,”        -   Icon 426 for calendar module 148, labeled “Calendar,”        -   Icon 428 for image management module 144, labeled “Photos,”        -   Icon 430 for camera module 143, labeled “Camera,”        -   Icon 432 for online video module 155, labeled “Online            Video,”        -   Icon 434 for stocks widget 149-2, labeled “Stocks,”        -   Icon 436 for map module 154, labeled “Maps,”        -   Icon 438 for weather widget 149-1, labeled “Weather,”        -   Icon 440 for alarm clock widget 149-4, labeled “Clock,”        -   Icon 442 for workout support module 142, labeled “Workout            Support,”        -   Icon 444 for notes module 153, labeled “Notes,” and        -   Icon 446 for a settings application or module, which            provides access to settings for device 100 and its various            applications 136.

It should be noted that the icon labels illustrated in FIG. 4A aremerely exemplary. For example, in some embodiments, icon 422 for videoand music player module 152 is labeled “Music” or “Music Player.” Otherlabels are, optionally, used for various application icons. In someembodiments, a label for a respective application icon includes a nameof an application corresponding to the respective application icon. Insome embodiments, a label for a particular application icon is distinctfrom a name of an application corresponding to the particularapplication icon.

FIG. 4B illustrates an exemplary user interface on a device (e.g.,device 300, FIG. 3) with a touch-sensitive surface 451 (e.g., a tabletor touchpad 355, FIG. 3) that is separate from the display 450. Device300 also, optionally, includes one or more contact intensity sensors(e.g., one or more of sensors 357) for detecting intensity of contactson touch-sensitive surface 451 and/or one or more tactile outputgenerators 359 for generating tactile outputs for a user of device 300.

FIG. 4B illustrates an exemplary user interface on a device (e.g.,device 300, FIG. 3) with a touch-sensitive surface 451 (e.g., a tabletor touchpad 355, FIG. 3) that is separate from the display 450. Althoughmany of the examples that follow will be given with reference to inputson touch screen display 112 (where the touch sensitive surface and thedisplay are combined), in some embodiments, the device detects inputs ona touch-sensitive surface that is separate from the display, as shown inFIG. 4B. In some embodiments, the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., 451 inFIG. 4B) has a primary axis (e.g., 452 in FIG. 4B) that corresponds to aprimary axis (e.g., 453 in FIG. 4B) on the display (e.g., 450). Inaccordance with these embodiments, the device detects contacts (e.g.,460 and 462 in FIG. 4B) with the touch-sensitive surface 451 atlocations that correspond to respective locations on the display (e.g.,in FIG. 4B, 460 corresponds to 468 and 462 corresponds to 470). In thisway, user inputs (e.g., contacts 460 and 462, and movements thereof)detected by the device on the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., 451 in FIG.4B) are used by the device to manipulate the user interface on thedisplay (e.g., 450 in FIG. 4B) of the multifunction device when thetouch-sensitive surface is separate from the display. It should beunderstood that similar methods are, optionally, used for other userinterfaces described herein.

Additionally, while the following examples are given primarily withreference to finger inputs (e.g., finger contacts, finger tap gestures,finger swipe gestures, etc.), it should be understood that, in someembodiments, one or more of the finger inputs are replaced with inputfrom another input device (e.g., a mouse based input or a stylus input).For example, a swipe gesture is, optionally, replaced with a mouse click(e.g., instead of a contact) followed by movement of the cursor alongthe path of the swipe (e.g., instead of movement of the contact). Asanother example, a tap gesture is, optionally, replaced with a mouseclick while the cursor is located over the location of the tap gesture(e.g., instead of detection of the contact followed by ceasing to detectthe contact). Similarly, when multiple user inputs are simultaneouslydetected, it should be understood that multiple computer mice are,optionally, used simultaneously, or a mouse and finger contacts are,optionally, used simultaneously.

As used herein, the term “focus selector” refers to an input elementthat indicates a current part of a user interface with which a user isinteracting. In some implementations that include a cursor or otherlocation marker, the cursor acts as a “focus selector,” so that when aninput (e.g., a press input) is detected on a touch-sensitive surface(e.g., touchpad 355 in FIG. 3 or touch-sensitive surface 451 in FIG. 4B)while the cursor is over a particular user interface element (e.g., abutton, window, slider or other user interface element), the particularuser interface element is adjusted in accordance with the detectedinput. In some implementations that include a touch-screen display(e.g., touch-sensitive display system 112 in FIG. 1A or the touch screenin FIG. 4A) that enables direct interaction with user interface elementson the touch-screen display, a detected contact on the touch-screen actsas a “focus selector,” so that when an input (e.g., a press input by thecontact) is detected on the touch-screen display at a location of aparticular user interface element (e.g., a button, window, slider orother user interface element), the particular user interface element isadjusted in accordance with the detected input. In some implementations,focus is moved from one region of a user interface to another region ofthe user interface without corresponding movement of a cursor ormovement of a contact on a touch-screen display (e.g., by using a tabkey or arrow keys to move focus from one button to another button); inthese implementations, the focus selector moves in accordance withmovement of focus between different regions of the user interface.Without regard to the specific form taken by the focus selector, thefocus selector is generally the user interface element (or contact on atouch-screen display) that is controlled by the user so as tocommunicate the user's intended interaction with the user interface(e.g., by indicating, to the device, the element of the user interfacewith which the user is intending to interact). For example, the locationof a focus selector (e.g., a cursor, a contact, or a selection box) overa respective button while a press input is detected on thetouch-sensitive surface (e.g., a touchpad or touch screen) will indicatethat the user is intending to activate the respective button (as opposedto other user interface elements shown on a display of the device).

As used in the specification and claims, the term “intensity” of acontact on a touch-sensitive surface refers to the force or pressure(force per unit area) of a contact (e.g., a finger contact or a styluscontact) on the touch-sensitive surface, or to a substitute (proxy) forthe force or pressure of a contact on the touch-sensitive surface. Theintensity of a contact has a range of values that includes at least fourdistinct values and more typically includes hundreds of distinct values(e.g., at least 256). Intensity of a contact is, optionally, determined(or measured) using various approaches and various sensors orcombinations of sensors. For example, one or more force sensorsunderneath or adjacent to the touch-sensitive surface are, optionally,used to measure force at various points on the touch-sensitive surface.In some implementations, force measurements from multiple force sensorsare combined (e.g., a weighted average or a sum) to determine anestimated force of a contact. Similarly, a pressure-sensitive tip of astylus is, optionally, used to determine a pressure of the stylus on thetouch-sensitive surface. Alternatively, the size of the contact areadetected on the touch-sensitive surface and/or changes thereto, thecapacitance of the touch-sensitive surface proximate to the contactand/or changes thereto, and/or the resistance of the touch-sensitivesurface proximate to the contact and/or changes thereto are, optionally,used as a substitute for the force or pressure of the contact on thetouch-sensitive surface. In some implementations, the substitutemeasurements for contact force or pressure are used directly todetermine whether an intensity threshold has been exceeded (e.g., theintensity threshold is described in units corresponding to thesubstitute measurements). In some implementations, the substitutemeasurements for contact force or pressure are converted to an estimatedforce or pressure and the estimated force or pressure is used todetermine whether an intensity threshold has been exceeded (e.g., theintensity threshold is a pressure threshold measured in units ofpressure). Using the intensity of a contact as an attribute of a userinput allows for user access to additional device functionality that mayotherwise not be readily accessible by the user on a reduced-size devicewith limited real estate for displaying affordances (e.g., on atouch-sensitive display) and/or receiving user input (e.g., via atouch-sensitive display, a touch-sensitive surface, or aphysical/mechanical control such as a knob or a button).

In some embodiments, contact/motion module 130 uses a set of one or moreintensity thresholds to determine whether an operation has beenperformed by a user (e.g., to determine whether a user has “clicked” onan icon). In some embodiments, at least a subset of the intensitythresholds are determined in accordance with software parameters (e.g.,the intensity thresholds are not determined by the activation thresholdsof particular physical actuators and can be adjusted without changingthe physical hardware of device 100). For example, a mouse “click”threshold of a trackpad or touch-screen display can be set to any of alarge range of predefined thresholds values without changing thetrackpad or touch-screen display hardware. Additionally, in someimplementations a user of the device is provided with software settingsfor adjusting one or more of the set of intensity thresholds (e.g., byadjusting individual intensity thresholds and/or by adjusting aplurality of intensity thresholds at once with a system-level click“intensity” parameter).

As used in the specification and claims, the term “characteristicintensity” of a contact refers to a characteristic of the contact basedon one or more intensities of the contact. In some embodiments, thecharacteristic intensity is based on multiple intensity samples. Thecharacteristic intensity is, optionally, based on a predefined number ofintensity samples, or a set of intensity samples collected during apredetermined time period (e.g., 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10seconds) relative to a predefined event (e.g., after detecting thecontact, prior to detecting liftoff of the contact, before or afterdetecting a start of movement of the contact, prior to detecting an endof the contact, before or after detecting an increase in intensity ofthe contact, and/or before or after detecting a decrease in intensity ofthe contact). A characteristic intensity of a contact is, optionallybased on one or more of: a maximum value of the intensities of thecontact, a mean value of the intensities of the contact, an averagevalue of the intensities of the contact, a top 10 percentile value ofthe intensities of the contact, a value at the half maximum of theintensities of the contact, a value at the 90 percent maximum of theintensities of the contact, or the like. In some embodiments, theduration of the contact is used in determining the characteristicintensity (e.g., when the characteristic intensity is an average of theintensity of the contact over time). In some embodiments, thecharacteristic intensity is compared to a set of one or more intensitythresholds to determine whether an operation has been performed by auser. For example, the set of one or more intensity thresholds mayinclude a first intensity threshold and a second intensity threshold. Inthis example, a contact with a characteristic intensity that does notexceed the first threshold results in a first operation, a contact witha characteristic intensity that exceeds the first intensity thresholdand does not exceed the second intensity threshold results in a secondoperation, and a contact with a characteristic intensity that exceedsthe second intensity threshold results in a third operation. In someembodiments, a comparison between the characteristic intensity and oneor more intensity thresholds is used to determine whether or not toperform one or more operations (e.g., whether to perform a respectiveoption or forgo performing the respective operation) rather than beingused to determine whether to perform a first operation or a secondoperation.

In some embodiments, a portion of a gesture is identified for purposesof determining a characteristic intensity. For example, atouch-sensitive surface may receive a continuous swipe contacttransitioning from a start location and reaching an end location (e.g.,a drag gesture), at which point the intensity of the contact increases.In this example, the characteristic intensity of the contact at the endlocation may be based on only a portion of the continuous swipe contact,and not the entire swipe contact (e.g., only the portion of the swipecontact at the end location). In some embodiments, a smoothing algorithmmay be applied to the intensities of the swipe contact prior todetermining the characteristic intensity of the contact. For example,the smoothing algorithm optionally includes one or more of: anunweighted sliding-average smoothing algorithm, a triangular smoothingalgorithm, a median filter smoothing algorithm, and/or an exponentialsmoothing algorithm. In some circumstances, these smoothing algorithmseliminate narrow spikes or dips in the intensities of the swipe contactfor purposes of determining a characteristic intensity.

The user interface figures (e.g., FIGS. 5A-5Z) described belowoptionally include various intensity diagrams that show the currentintensity of the contact on the touch-sensitive surface relative to oneor more intensity thresholds (e.g., a contact detection intensitythreshold IT₀, a light press intensity threshold IT_(L), a deep pressintensity threshold IT_(D), and/or one or more other intensitythresholds (e.g., an intensity threshold IT_(H) that is lower thanIT_(L)). This intensity diagram is typically not part of the displayeduser interface, but is provided to aid in the interpretation of thefigures. In some embodiments, the light press intensity thresholdcorresponds to an intensity at which the device will perform operationstypically associated with clicking a button of a physical mouse or atrackpad. In some embodiments, the deep press intensity thresholdcorresponds to an intensity at which the device will perform operationsthat are different from operations typically associated with clicking abutton of a physical mouse or a trackpad. In some embodiments, when acontact is detected with a characteristic intensity below the lightpress intensity threshold (e.g., and above a nominal contact-detectionintensity threshold IT₀ below which the contact is no longer detected),the device will move a focus selector in accordance with movement of thecontact on the touch-sensitive surface without performing an operationassociated with the light press intensity threshold or the deep pressintensity threshold. Generally, unless otherwise stated, these intensitythresholds are consistent between different sets of user interfacefigures.

In some embodiments, the response of the device to inputs detected bythe device depends on criteria based on the contact intensity during theinput. For example, for some “light press” inputs, the intensity of acontact exceeding a first intensity threshold during the input triggersa first response. In some embodiments, the response of the device toinputs detected by the device depends on criteria that include both thecontact intensity during the input and time-based criteria. For example,for some “deep press” inputs, the intensity of a contact exceeding asecond intensity threshold during the input, greater than the firstintensity threshold for a light press, triggers a second response onlyif a delay time has elapsed between meeting the first intensitythreshold and meeting the second intensity threshold. This delay time istypically less than 200 ms in duration (e.g., 40, 100, or 120 ms,depending on the magnitude of the second intensity threshold, with thedelay time increasing as the second intensity threshold increases). Thisdelay time helps to avoid accidental deep press inputs. As anotherexample, for some “deep press” inputs, there is a reduced-sensitivitytime period that occurs after the time at which the first intensitythreshold is met. During the reduced-sensitivity time period, the secondintensity threshold is increased. This temporary increase in the secondintensity threshold also helps to avoid accidental deep press inputs.For other deep press inputs, the response to detection of a deep pressinput does not depend on time-based criteria.

In some embodiments, one or more of the input intensity thresholdsand/or the corresponding outputs vary based on one or more factors, suchas user settings, contact motion, input timing, application running,rate at which the intensity is applied, number of concurrent inputs,user history, environmental factors (e.g., ambient noise), focusselector position, and the like. Exemplary factors are described in U.S.patent application Ser. Nos. 14/399,606 and 14/624,296, which areincorporated by reference herein in their entireties.

For example, FIG. 4C illustrates a dynamic intensity threshold 480 thatchanges over time based in part on the intensity of touch input 476 overtime. Dynamic intensity threshold 480 is a sum of two components, firstcomponent 474 that decays over time after a predefined delay time p1from when touch input 476 is initially detected, and second component478 that trails the intensity of touch input 476 over time. The initialhigh intensity threshold of first component 474 reduces accidentaltriggering of a “deep press” response, while still allowing an immediate“deep press” response if touch input 476 provides sufficient intensity.Second component 478 reduces unintentional triggering of a “deep press”response by gradual intensity fluctuations of in a touch input. In someembodiments, when touch input 476 satisfies dynamic intensity threshold480 (e.g., at point 481 in FIG. 4C), the “deep press” response istriggered.

FIG. 4D illustrates another dynamic intensity threshold 486 (e.g.,intensity threshold IT_(D)). FIG. 4D also illustrates three otherintensity thresholds: an intensity threshold IT_(L), an intensitythreshold IT_(H)., and an intensity threshold IT₀. In FIG. 4D, althoughtouch input 484 satisfies the intensity threshold IT_(H) and theintensity threshold IT_(L) prior to time p2, no response is provideduntil delay time p2 has elapsed at time 482. Also in FIG. 4D, dynamicintensity threshold 486 decays over time, with the decay starting attime 488 after a predefined delay time p1 has elapsed from time 482(when the response associated with the intensity threshold IT_(L) wastriggered). This type of dynamic intensity threshold reduces accidentaltriggering of a response associated with the intensity threshold IT_(D)immediately after, or concurrently with, triggering a responseassociated with the intensity threshold IT_(L). In some embodiments,when touch input 484 satisfies dynamic intensity threshold 486 (e.g., atpoint 483 in FIG. 4D), the “deep press” response is triggered.

FIG. 4E illustrate yet another dynamic intensity threshold 492 (e.g.,intensity threshold IT_(D)). In FIG. 4E, a response associated with theintensity threshold IT_(L) is triggered after the delay time p2 haselapsed from when touch input 490 is initially detected. Dynamicintensity threshold 492 decays after the predefined delay time p1 haselapsed from when touch input 490 is initially detected. So a decreasein intensity of touch input 490 after triggering the response associatedwith the intensity threshold IT_(L) (at time 482), followed by anincrease in the intensity of touch input 490, without releasing touchinput 490, can trigger a response associated with the intensitythreshold IT_(D) (e.g., at time 494) even when the intensity of touchinput 490 is below another intensity threshold, for example, theintensity threshold IT_(L).

An increase of characteristic intensity of the contact from an intensitybelow the light press intensity threshold IT_(L) to an intensity betweenthe light press intensity threshold IT_(L) and the deep press intensitythreshold IT_(D) is sometimes referred to as a “light press” input. Anincrease of characteristic intensity of the contact from an intensitybelow the deep press intensity threshold IT_(D) to an intensity abovethe deep press intensity threshold IT_(D) is sometimes referred to as a“deep press” input. An increase of characteristic intensity of thecontact from an intensity below the contact-detection intensitythreshold IT₀ to an intensity between the contact-detection intensitythreshold IT₀ and the light press intensity threshold IT_(L) issometimes referred to as detecting the contact on the touch-surface. Adecrease of characteristic intensity of the contact from an intensityabove the contact-detection intensity threshold IT₀ to an intensitybelow the contact-detection intensity threshold IT₀ is sometimesreferred to as detecting liftoff of the contact from the touch-surface.In some embodiments IT₀ is zero. In some embodiments, IT₀ is greaterthan zero. In some illustrations a shaded circle or oval is used torepresent intensity of a contact on the touch-sensitive surface. In someillustrations, a circle or oval without shading is used represent arespective contact on the touch-sensitive surface without specifying theintensity of the respective contact.

In some embodiments, described herein, one or more operations areperformed in response to detecting a gesture that includes a respectivepress input or in response to detecting the respective press inputperformed with a respective contact (or a plurality of contacts), wherethe respective press input is detected based at least in part ondetecting an increase in intensity of the contact (or plurality ofcontacts) above a press-input intensity threshold. In some embodiments,the respective operation is performed in response to detecting theincrease in intensity of the respective contact above the press-inputintensity threshold (e.g., the respective operation is performed on a“down stroke” of the respective press input). In some embodiments, thepress input includes an increase in intensity of the respective contactabove the press-input intensity threshold and a subsequent decrease inintensity of the contact below the press-input intensity threshold, andthe respective operation is performed in response to detecting thesubsequent decrease in intensity of the respective contact below thepress-input threshold (e.g., the respective operation is performed on an“up stroke” of the respective press input).

In some embodiments, the device employs intensity hysteresis to avoidaccidental inputs sometimes termed “jitter,” where the device defines orselects a hysteresis intensity threshold with a predefined relationshipto the press-input intensity threshold (e.g., the hysteresis intensitythreshold is X intensity units lower than the press-input intensitythreshold or the hysteresis intensity threshold is 75%, 90%, or somereasonable proportion of the press-input intensity threshold). Thus, insome embodiments, the press input includes an increase in intensity ofthe respective contact above the press-input intensity threshold and asubsequent decrease in intensity of the contact below the hysteresisintensity threshold that corresponds to the press-input intensitythreshold, and the respective operation is performed in response todetecting the subsequent decrease in intensity of the respective contactbelow the hysteresis intensity threshold (e.g., the respective operationis performed on an “up stroke” of the respective press input).Similarly, in some embodiments, the press input is detected only whenthe device detects an increase in intensity of the contact from anintensity at or below the hysteresis intensity threshold to an intensityat or above the press-input intensity threshold and, optionally, asubsequent decrease in intensity of the contact to an intensity at orbelow the hysteresis intensity, and the respective operation isperformed in response to detecting the press input (e.g., the increasein intensity of the contact or the decrease in intensity of the contact,depending on the circumstances).

For ease of explanation, the description of operations performed inresponse to a press input associated with a press-input intensitythreshold or in response to a gesture including the press input are,optionally, triggered in response to detecting: an increase in intensityof a contact above the press-input intensity threshold, an increase inintensity of a contact from an intensity below the hysteresis intensitythreshold to an intensity above the press-input intensity threshold, adecrease in intensity of the contact below the press-input intensitythreshold, or a decrease in intensity of the contact below thehysteresis intensity threshold corresponding to the press-inputintensity threshold. Additionally, in examples where an operation isdescribed as being performed in response to detecting a decrease inintensity of a contact below the press-input intensity threshold, theoperation is, optionally, performed in response to detecting a decreasein intensity of the contact below a hysteresis intensity thresholdcorresponding to, and lower than, the press-input intensity threshold.As described above, in some embodiments, the triggering of theseresponses also depends on time-based criteria being met (e.g., a delaytime has elapsed between a first intensity threshold being met and asecond intensity threshold being met).

User Interfaces and Associated Processes

Attention is now directed towards embodiments of user interfaces (“UI”)and associated processes that may be implemented on an electronicdevice, such as portable multifunction device 100 or device 300, with adisplay, a touch-sensitive surface, and one or more sensors to detectintensity of contacts with the touch-sensitive surface.

FIGS. 5A-5Z illustrate exemplary user interfaces for manipulating userinterfaces with physical gestures in accordance with some embodiments.The user interfaces in these figures are used to illustrate theprocesses described below, including the processes in FIGS. 6A-6D.Although some of the examples which follow will be given with referenceto inputs on a touch-screen display (where the touch-sensitive surfaceand the display are combined), in some embodiments, the device detectsinputs on a touch-sensitive surface 451 that is separate from thedisplay 450, as shown in FIG. 4B.

In some embodiments, the device is an electronic device with a separatedisplay (e.g., display 450, FIG. 4B) and a separate touch-sensitivesurface (e.g., touch-sensitive surface 451, FIG. 4B). In someembodiments, the device is portable multifunction device 100, thedisplay is touch-sensitive display system 112, and the touch-sensitivesurface includes tactile output generators 167 on the display (FIG. 1A).For convenience of explanation, the embodiments described with referenceto FIGS. 5A-5Z and 6A-6D will be discussed with reference to operationsperformed on a device with a touch-sensitive display system 112. In suchembodiments, the focus selector is, optionally: a respective finger orstylus contact, a representative point corresponding to a finger orstylus contact (e.g., a centroid of a respective contact or a pointassociated with a respective contact), or a centroid of two or morecontacts detected on the touch-sensitive display system 112. However,analogous operations are, optionally, performed on a device with adisplay 450 and a separate touch-sensitive surface 451 in response todetecting the contacts described in 5A-5Z on the touch-sensitive surface451 while displaying the user interfaces shown in FIGS. 5A-5Z on thedisplay 450.

FIGS. 5A-5Z illustrate exemplary user interfaces for manipulating userinterfaces with physical gestures in accordance with some embodiments.In some embodiments, physical gestures include bending (e.g., withso-called “bend out” and “bend in” gestures), twisting (e.g., withso-called “clockwise twist” and “counterclockwise twist” gestures), andsqueezing (e.g., with a so-called “squeeze” gesture). In someembodiments, a user performing these physical gestures experiences thegestures as bending, twisting, or squeezing the device. For example, auser may bend or twist the device by pressing on the back of the devicewith his/her fingers while bending or twisting the device with his/herthumbs on the touch-sensitive surface. In some embodiments, from theuser's perspective, his/her fingers and/or thumbs are stationary. Forexample, the physical gestures are detected from a change in pressure ofone or more contacts and/or from a rolling of the contacts (e.g.,rolling of the thumbs and/or fingers). While FIG. 4A shows touch screen112 with additional details of device 100 (e.g., speaker 111, opticalsensor 164, proximity sensor 166, etc.), for sake of clarity, FIGS.5A-5Z simply show touch screen 112 of device 100, without showing otherdetails of device 100.

FIG. 5A illustrates an example of displaying a user interface 510 (e.g.,in portrait mode) of a browser application (e.g., Safari from Apple Inc.of Cupertino, Calif.) on a display (e.g., touch screen 112) of a device(e.g., device 100). As shown in FIG. 5A, user interface 510 includesaddress bar 512, search box 516, and keyboard 514. A user may enterelectronic text using keyboard 514, and the electronic text is displayedin search box 516.

FIGS. 5A-5D illustrate an example of detecting a so-called “bend out”gesture. In some embodiments, detecting a bend out gesture includesconcurrently detecting a first contact (e.g., contact 530) and a secondcontact (e.g., contact 532) moving relative to each other on thetouch-sensitive surface (e.g., touch screen 112), detecting an intensityof the first contact (e.g., represented by intensity of first contact506), and detecting an intensity of the second contact (e.g.,represented by intensity of second contact 508). In some embodiments,the first contact (e.g., contact 530) is detected at a first edge of thetouch-sensitive surface (e.g., a left edge of touch screen 112) and thesecond contact (e.g., contact 532) is detected at a second edge of thetouch-sensitive surface (e.g., a right edge of touch screen 112), anddetecting the bend out gesture includes detecting the first contact(e.g., contact 530) moving toward the first edge (e.g., the left edge)and detecting the second contact (e.g., contact 532) moving toward thesecond edge (e.g., the right edge). In some embodiments, the firstcontact and the second contact are two simultaneous thumb contacts(e.g., contacts 530 and 532) on the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., touchscreen 112) and detecting the bend out gesture includes detecting thetwo simultaneous thumb contacts on the touch-sensitive surface movingapart in opposite directions. In some embodiments, in accordance with adetermination that the bend out gesture meets first operation criteria(e.g., including a criterion that is met when the intensities of thefirst and second contact satisfy a respective intensity threshold), afirst operation is performed (e.g., undo typing of “Francisco” in searchbox 516, as shown in FIG. 5C). In some embodiments, the respectiveintensity threshold is a deep press intensity threshold IT_(D). In someembodiments, the respective intensity threshold is a light pressintensity threshold IT_(L). As shown in FIGS. 5B-5C, contact 530 has anintensity above a deep press intensity threshold IT_(D) and contact 532has a similar intensity above a deep press intensity threshold IT_(D).Although in the example of FIGS. 5A-5D (and other examples herein), theundo typing operation deletes the entire word “Francisco,” in someembodiments, an undo typing operation may delete fewer or morecharacters than shown in these examples.

FIGS. 5D-5G illustrate an example of detecting a so-called “bend in”gesture. In some embodiments, detecting a bend in gesture includesconcurrently detecting a first contact (e.g., contact 534) and a secondcontact (e.g., contact 536) moving relative to each other on thetouch-sensitive surface (e.g., touch screen 112), detecting an intensityof the first contact (e.g., represented by intensity of first contact506), and detecting an intensity of the second contact (e.g.,represented by intensity of second contact 508). In some embodiments,the first contact (e.g., contact 534) is detected at a first edge of thetouch-sensitive surface (e.g., a left edge of touch screen 112) and thesecond contact (e.g., contact 536) is detected at a second edge of thetouch-sensitive surface (e.g., a right edge of touch screen 112), anddetecting the bend in gesture includes detecting the first contact(e.g., contact 534) moving away from the first edge (e.g., the leftedge) and detecting the second contact (e.g., contact 536) moving awayfrom the second edge (e.g., the right edge). In some embodiments, thefirst contact and the second contact are two simultaneous thumb contacts(e.g., contacts 534 and 536) on the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., touchscreen 112) and detecting the bend in gesture includes detecting the twosimultaneous thumb contacts on the touch-sensitive surface moving towardeach other. In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination thatthe bend in gesture meets first operation criteria (e.g., including acriterion that is met when the intensities of the first and secondcontact satisfy a respective intensity threshold), a first operation isperformed (e.g., redo typing of “Francisco” in search box 516, as shownin FIG. 5F). In some embodiments, the respective intensity threshold isa deep press intensity threshold IT_(D). In some embodiments, therespective intensity threshold is a light press intensity thresholdIT_(L). As shown in FIGS. 5E-5F, contact 534 has an intensity above adeep press intensity threshold IT_(D) and contact 536 has a similarintensity above a deep press intensity threshold IT_(D). Although in theexample of FIGS. 5D-5G (and other examples herein), the redo typingoperation inserts the entire word “Francisco,” in some embodiments, aredo typing operation may insert fewer or more characters than shown inthese examples.

FIGS. 5G-5J illustrate an example of detecting a bend out gesture, asdescribed above with respect to FIGS. 5A-5D. However, in FIGS. 5H-5I,the intensities of the first contact and the second contact (e.g.,contact 540 has an intensity above a “hint” intensity threshold IT_(H)and contact 542 has an intensity above a light press intensity thresholdIT_(L)) do not satisfy the respective intensity threshold (e.g., whereboth intensities are above a light press intensity threshold IT_(L) or,alternatively, where both intensities are above a deep press intensitythreshold IT_(D)). In some embodiments, in accordance with adetermination that the bend out gesture meets second operation criteria(e.g., where the second operation criteria are capable of being met whenthe intensities of the first and second contacts do not satisfy therespective intensity threshold), a second operation (that is differentfrom the first operation) is performed (e.g., zooming in user interface510, as shown in FIG. 5I).

FIGS. 5J-5M illustrate an example of detecting a bend in gesture, asdescribed above with respect to FIGS. 5D-5G. However, in FIGS. 5K-5L,the intensities of the first contact and the second contact (e.g.,contact 544 has an intensity above a “hint” intensity threshold IT_(H)and contact 546 has an intensity above a light press intensity thresholdIT_(L)) do not satisfy the respective intensity threshold (e.g., whereboth intensities are above a light press intensity threshold IT_(L) or,alternatively, where both intensities are above a deep press intensitythreshold IT_(D)). In some embodiments, in accordance with adetermination that the bend in gesture meets second operation criteria(e.g., where the second operation criteria are capable of being met whenthe intensities of the first and second contacts do not satisfy therespective intensity threshold), a second operation (that is differentfrom the first operation) is performed (e.g., zooming out user interface510, as shown in FIG. 5L).

FIG. 5N illustrates an example of displaying a user interface 511 (e.g.,in landscape mode) of a browser application (e.g., Safari from AppleInc. of Cupertino, Calif.) on a display (e.g., touch screen 112) of adevice (e.g., device 100). As shown in FIG. 5N, user interface 511includes address bar 512, search box 516, and keyboard 514. A user mayenter electronic text using keyboard 514, and the electronic text isdisplayed in search box 516.

FIGS. 5N-5Q illustrate an example of detecting a so-called “clockwisetwist” gesture. In some embodiments, detecting a clockwise twist gestureincludes concurrently detecting a first contact (e.g., contact 548) anda second contact (e.g., contact 550) moving relative to each other onthe touch-sensitive surface (e.g., touch screen 112), detecting anintensity of the first contact (e.g., represented by intensity of firstcontact 506), and detecting an intensity of the second contact (e.g.,represented by intensity of second contact 508). In some embodiments,detecting a clockwise twist gesture includes detecting the first contact(e.g., a left thumb, contact 548) moving in the first direction (e.g.,downward) along the first edge (e.g., left edge) of the touch-sensitivesurface and detecting the second contact (e.g., a right thumb, contact550) moving in a second direction (e.g., upward) along the second edge(e.g., right edge) of the touch-sensitive surface. In some embodiments,in accordance with a determination that the clockwise twist gesturemeets first operation criteria (e.g., including a criterion that is metwhen the intensities of the first and second contact satisfy arespective intensity threshold), a first operation is performed (e.g.,undo typing of “Francisco” in search box 516, as shown in FIG. 5P). Insome embodiments, the respective intensity threshold is a deep pressintensity threshold IT_(D). In some embodiments, the respectiveintensity threshold is a light press intensity threshold IT_(L). Asshown in FIGS. 5O-5P, contact 548 has an intensity above a deep pressintensity threshold IT_(D) and contact 550 has a similar intensity abovea deep press intensity threshold IT_(D). Although in the example ofFIGS. 5N-5Q (and other examples herein), the undo typing operationdeletes the entire word “Francisco,” in some embodiments, an undo typingoperation may delete fewer or more characters than shown in theseexamples.

FIGS. 5Q-5T illustrate an example of detecting a so-called“counterclockwise twist” gesture. In some embodiments, detecting acounterclockwise twist gesture includes concurrently detecting a firstcontact (e.g., contact 552) and a second contact (e.g., contact 554)moving relative to each other on the touch-sensitive surface (e.g.,touch screen 112), detecting an intensity of the first contact (e.g.,represented by intensity of first contact 506), and detecting anintensity of the second contact (e.g., represented by intensity ofsecond contact 508). In some embodiments, detecting a counterclockwisetwist gesture includes detecting the first contact (e.g., a left thumb,contact 552), moving in the first direction (e.g., upward) along thefirst edge (e.g., left edge) of the touch-sensitive surface anddetecting the second contact (e.g., a right thumb, contact 554) movingin a second direction (e.g., downward) along the second edge (e.g.,right edge) of the touch-sensitive surface. In some embodiments, inaccordance with a determination that the counterclockwise twist gesturemeets first operation criteria (e.g., including a criterion that is metwhen the intensities of the first and second contact satisfy arespective intensity threshold), a first operation is performed (e.g.,redo typing of “Francisco” in search box 516, as shown in FIG. 5S). Insome embodiments, the respective intensity threshold is a deep pressintensity threshold IT_(D). In some embodiments, the respectiveintensity threshold is a light press intensity threshold IT_(L). Asshown in FIGS. 5R-5S, contact 552 has an intensity above a deep pressintensity threshold IT_(D) and contact 554 has a similar intensity abovea deep press intensity threshold IT_(D). Although in the example ofFIGS. 5Q-5T (and other examples herein), the redo typing operationinserts the entire word “Francisco,” in some embodiments, a redo typingoperation may insert fewer or more characters than shown in theseexamples.

FIGS. 5T-5W illustrate an example of detecting a clockwise twistgesture, as described above with respect to FIGS. 5N-5Q. However, inFIGS. 5U-5V, the intensities of the first contact and the second contact(e.g., contact 556 has an intensity above a “hint” intensity thresholdIT_(H) and contact 558 has an intensity above a light press intensitythreshold IT_(L)) do not satisfy the respective intensity threshold(e.g., where both intensities are above a light press intensitythreshold IT_(L) or, alternatively, where both intensities are above adeep press intensity threshold IT_(D)). In some embodiments, inaccordance with a determination that the clockwise twist gesture meetssecond operation criteria (e.g., where the second operation criteria arecapable of being met when the intensities of the first and secondcontacts do not satisfy the respective intensity threshold), a secondoperation (that is different from the first operation) is performed(e.g., displaying a zoomed-in view of user interface 511, as shown inFIG. 5V).

FIGS. 5W-5Z illustrate an example of detecting a counterclockwise twistgesture, as described above with respect to FIGS. 5Q-5T. However, inFIGS. 5X-5Y, the intensities of the first contact and the second contact(e.g., contact 560 has an intensity above a “hint” intensity thresholdIT_(H) and contact 562 has an intensity above a light press intensitythreshold IT_(L)) do not satisfy the respective intensity threshold(e.g., where both intensities are above a light press intensitythreshold IT_(L) or, alternatively, where both intensities are above adeep press intensity threshold IT_(D)). In some embodiments, inaccordance with a determination that the counterclockwise twist gesturemeets second operation criteria (e.g., where the second operationcriteria are capable of being met when the intensities of the first andsecond contacts do not satisfy the respective intensity threshold), asecond operation (that is different from the first operation) isperformed (e.g., displaying a zoomed-out view of user interface 511, asshown in FIG. 5Y).

FIGS. 6A-6D are flow diagrams illustrating method 600 of manipulatinguser interfaces with physical gestures in accordance with someembodiments. Method 600 is performed at an electronic device (e.g.,device 300, FIG. 3, or portable multifunction device 100, FIG. 1A) witha display, a touch-sensitive surface, and one or more sensors to detectintensity of contacts with the touch-sensitive surface. In someembodiments, the display is a touch-screen display and thetouch-sensitive surface is on or integrated with the display. In someembodiments, the display is separate from the touch-sensitive surface.Some operations in method 600 are, optionally, combined and/or the orderof some operations is, optionally, changed.

As described below, method 600 provides an intuitive and efficient wayto manipulate user interfaces with physical gestures. The method reducesthe number, extent, and/or nature of the inputs from a user whenmanipulating user interfaces, thereby creating a more efficienthuman-machine interface. For battery-operated electronic devices,enabling a user to initiate actions faster and more efficientlyconserves power and increases the time between battery charges.

The device detects (602) a first gesture (e.g., a so-called “bend out,”“bend in,” “clockwise twist,” or “counterclockwise twist” gesture) thatincludes concurrently detecting a first contact and a second contactmoving relative to each other on the touch-sensitive surface, detectingan intensity of the first contact, and detecting an intensity of thesecond contact. FIGS. 5B-5C, for example, show detecting a first gesture(e.g., a bend out gesture) that includes concurrently detecting a firstcontact (e.g., contact 530) and a second contact (e.g., contact 532)moving relative to each other on the touch-sensitive surface (e.g.,touch screen 112), detecting an intensity of the first contact (e.g.,represented by intensity of first contact 506), and detecting anintensity of the second contact (e.g., represented by intensity ofsecond contact 508).

In some embodiments, detecting the first gesture includes (604)comparing the intensity of the first contact and the intensity of thesecond contact. For example, in FIGS. 5B-5C, detecting the first gestureincludes comparing the intensity of the first contact (e.g., intensityof contact 530, which is above a deep press intensity threshold IT_(D))and the intensity of the second contact (e.g., intensity of contact 532,which is above a deep press intensity threshold IT_(D)).

In some embodiments, the first contact (e.g., contact 530, FIG. 5B) is(606) detected at a first edge of the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., aleft edge) and the second contact (e.g., contact 532, FIG. 5B) isdetected at a second edge of the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., a rightedge), and detecting the first gesture includes: detecting the firstcontact moving toward the first edge (e.g., from contact 530-a tocontact 530-b); and detecting the second contact moving toward thesecond edge (e.g., from contact 532-a to contact 532-b) (e.g., as shownin FIGS. 5B-5C).

In some embodiments, the first contact (e.g., contact 534, FIG. 5E) is(608) detected at a first edge of the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., aleft edge) and the second contact (e.g., contact 536, FIG. 5E) isdetected at a second edge of the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., a rightedge), and detecting the first gesture includes: detecting the firstcontact moving away from the first edge (e.g., from contact 534-a tocontact 534-b); and detecting the second contact moving away from thesecond edge (e.g., from contact 536-a to contact 536-b) (e.g., as shownin FIGS. 5E-5F).

The device, in response to detecting the first gesture: in accordancewith a determination that the first gesture meets first operationcriteria, wherein the first operation criteria include a criterion thatis met when the intensities of the first and second contact satisfy arespective intensity threshold, performs (610) a first operation; and,in accordance with a determination that the first gesture meets secondoperation criteria that are distinct from the first operation criteria,wherein the second operation criteria are capable of being met when theintensities of the first and second contacts do not satisfy therespective intensity threshold, performs a second operation that isdifferent from the first operation. In some embodiments, the firstoperation is a text-modification operation such as undoing typing orredoing typing. In some embodiments, the second operation is a zoomingoperation such as a zoom-in command/operation or a zoom-outcommand/operation. FIGS. 5B-5C, for example, show performing a firstoperation (e.g., undo typing of “Francisco” in search box 516, as shownin FIG. 5C) in accordance with a determination that the first gesture(e.g., the bend out gesture) meets first operation criteria, and FIGS.5H-5I, for example, show performing a second operation (e.g., displayinga zoomed-in view of user interface 510, as shown in FIG. 5I) inaccordance with a determination that the first gesture meets secondoperation criteria.

In some embodiments, the device includes (612) sensors that areconfigured to detect a range of contact intensities, from aninput-detection intensity threshold (e.g., a contact detection intensitythreshold IT₀) at which a contact is detected as present on thetouch-sensitive surface through a plurality of contact intensities thatare higher than the input-detection intensity threshold (e.g., a “hint”intensity threshold IT_(H), a light press intensity threshold IT_(L),and a deep press intensity threshold IT_(D)); and the respectiveintensity threshold is higher than the input-detection intensitythreshold. FIGS. 5B-5C, for example, show the respective intensitythreshold as a light press intensity threshold IT_(L) or a deep pressintensity threshold IT_(D).

In some embodiments, the first operation criteria are (614) met when adifference between the intensity of the first contact and the intensityof the second contact is less than a similarity threshold and when thefirst intensity and the second intensity are greater than the respectiveintensity threshold (e.g., the two concurrently detected intensities arethe same or substantially the same intensity, and the intensity isgreater than the respective intensity threshold, as shown in FIGS.5B-5C); and the second operation criteria are met when the differencebetween the intensity of the first contact and the intensity of thesecond contact is greater than the similarity threshold. (e.g., the twoconcurrently detected intensities are not the same or substantially thesame, as shown in FIGS. 5H-5I).

In some embodiments, the device, in accordance with a determination thatthe difference between the intensity of the first contact and theintensity of the second contact is less than the similarity thresholdand that the first intensity and the second intensity are less than therespective intensity threshold, (e.g., the two concurrently detectedintensities are the same or substantially the same intensity, and theintensity is less than the respective intensity threshold) forgoes (616)performance of the first operation. For example, if the intensities ofcontacts 530 and 532 in FIGS. 5B-5C were less than the respectiveintensity threshold (e.g., deep press intensity threshold IT_(D)), thenthe device would forgo performance of the first operation (and the undotyping command would not be performed).

In some embodiments, the device, in accordance with a determination thatthe difference between the intensity of the first contact and theintensity of the second contact is less than the similarity thresholdand that the first intensity and the second intensity are less than therespective intensity threshold, (e.g., the two concurrently detectedintensities are the same or substantially the same intensity, and theintensity is less than the respective intensity threshold) performs(618) a third operation that is different from the first operation. Insome embodiments, the third operation is zooming (e.g., as shown inFIGS. 5H-5I) or scrolling the content. In some embodiments, the thirdoperation is the same as the second operation. In some embodiments, thethird operation is different from the second operation.

In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that the firstand second contacts are moving toward each other (e.g., a so-called“bend in” gesture), the first operation is (620) a first type ofoperation (e.g., undoing typing or an undo command/operation); and inaccordance with a determination that the first and second contacts aremoving away from each other (e.g., a so-called “bend out” gesture), thefirst operation is a second type of operation that is the reverse of thefirst type of operation (e.g., redoing typing or a redocommand/operation). Alternatively, in some embodiments, in accordancewith a determination that the first and second contacts are movingtoward each other (e.g., a “bend in” gesture), the first operation isthe second type of operation (e.g., redoing typing or a redocommand/operation, as shown in FIGS. 5E-5F) and in accordance with adetermination that the first and second contacts are moving away fromeach other (e.g., a so-called “bend out” gesture), the first operationis the first type of operation (e.g., undoing typing or an undocommand/operation, as shown in FIGS. 5B-5C).

In some embodiments, the first operation is (622) a text-modificationoperation and the second operation is a zooming operation. For example,for a bend out gesture, the first operation is an undo command/operation(e.g., as shown in FIGS. 5B-5C) and the second operation is a zoom-incommand/operation (e.g., as shown in FIGS. 5H-5I). As another example,for a bend in gesture, the first operation is a redo command/operation(e.g., as shown in FIGS. 5E-5F) and the second operation is a zoom-outcommand/operation (e.g., as shown in FIGS. 5K-5L).

In some embodiments, the first operation criteria include (624) acriterion that is met when movement of the first and second contacts isless than a predefined movement threshold (e.g., movement of the firstand second contacts is small). In some embodiments, if movement of thefirst and second contacts is greater than the predefined movementthreshold, the device performs an operation (e.g., zooming or scrollingthe content) that is different from the first operation.

In some embodiments, detecting the first gesture includes (626):detecting the first contact moving in a first direction along a firstedge of the touch-sensitive surface; and detecting the second contactmoving in a second direction along a second edge of the touch-sensitivesurface, wherein the second direction is opposite to the first directionand the second edge is opposite to the first edge. In some embodiments,detecting a “clockwise twist” gesture includes detecting the firstcontact (e.g., a left thumb) moving in the first direction (e.g.,downward) along the first edge (e.g., left edge) of the touch-sensitivesurface and detecting the second contact (e.g., a right thumb) moving ina second direction (e.g., upward) along the second edge (e.g., rightedge) of the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., as shown in FIGS. 5O-5P). Insome embodiments, detecting a “counterclockwise twist” gesture includesdetecting the first contact (e.g., a left thumb) moving in the firstdirection (e.g., upward) along the first edge (e.g., left edge) of thetouch-sensitive surface and detecting the second contact (e.g., a rightthumb) moving in a second direction (e.g., downward) along the secondedge (e.g., right edge) of the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., as shownin FIGS. 5R-5S). In some embodiments, in accordance with a determinationthat the first gesture is a clockwise twist gesture, the first operationis a first type of operation (e.g., undoing typing or an undocommand/operation, as shown in FIGS. 5O-5P) and in accordance with adetermination that the first gesture is a counterclockwise twistgesture, the first operation is a second type of operation that is thereverse of the first type of operation (e.g., redoing typing or a redocommand/operation, as shown in FIGS. 5R-5S), as discussed below withrespect to operation 628.

In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that the firstcontact is moving in the first direction (e.g., downward in a so-called“clockwise twist” gesture) and the second contact is moving in thesecond direction (e.g., upward in a so-called “clockwise twist”gesture), the first operation is (628) a first type of operation (e.g.,undoing typing or an undo command/operation, as shown in FIGS. 5O-5P);and in accordance with a determination that the first contact is movingin the second direction (e.g., upward in a so-called “counterclockwisetwist” gesture) and the second contact is moving in the first direction(e.g., downward in a so-called “counterclockwise twist” gesture), thefirst operation is a second type of operation that is the reverse of thefirst type of operation (e.g., redoing typing or a redocommand/operation, as shown in FIGS. 5R-5S) Alternatively, in someembodiments, in accordance with a determination that the first contactis moving in the first direction (e.g., downward in a so-called“clockwise twist” gesture) and second contact is moving in the seconddirection (e.g., upward in a so-called “clockwise twist” gesture), thefirst operation is the second type of operation (e.g., redoing typing ora redo command/operation) and in accordance with a determination thatthe first contact is moving in the second direction (e.g., upward in aso-called “counterclockwise twist” gesture) and second contact is movingin the first direction (e.g., downward in a so-called “counterclockwisetwist” gesture), the first operation is the first type of operation(e.g., undoing typing or an undo command/operation).

In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that the firstgesture is a bend gesture (e.g., a bend in or a bend out gesture),performing the first operation includes (630) performing a firstfunction from a first set of functions (e.g., text-modificationoperations such as undo typing and redo typing); and in accordance witha determination that the first gesture is a twist gesture (e.g., aclockwise twist or counterclockwise twist gesture), performing the firstoperation includes performing a second function from a second set offunctions (e.g., zooming operations such as zoom in and zoom out,text-modification operations distinct from the first set of functionssuch as delete, etc.) distinct from the first set of functions.

In some embodiments, the first contact and the second contact are (632)two simultaneous thumb contacts on the touch-sensitive surface. Forexample, in some embodiments, the first contact (e.g., contact 530) andthe second contact (e.g., contact 532) are two simultaneous thumbcontacts on the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., touch screen 112) (e.g.,as shown in FIG. 5B).

In some embodiments, detecting the first gesture includes (634)detecting the two simultaneous thumb contacts on the touch-sensitivesurface moving apart in opposite directions (e.g., as shown in FIGS.5B-5C). In some embodiments, detecting the bend out gesture includesdetecting a change in the shape and/or area of the two simultaneousthumb contacts (e.g., contacts 530 and 532, FIGS. 5B-5C) on thetouch-sensitive surface during the gesture.

In some embodiments, detecting the first gesture includes (636)detecting the two simultaneous thumb contacts on the touch-sensitivesurface moving toward each other (e.g., as shown in FIGS. 5E-5F). Insome embodiments, detecting the bend in gesture includes detecting achange in the shape and/or area of the two simultaneous thumb contacts(e.g., contacts 534 and 535, FIGS. 5E-5F) on the touch-sensitive surfaceduring the gesture.

In some embodiments, the first gesture meets (638) the first operationcriteria when at least one thumb contact of the two simultaneous thumbcontacts exceeds a first intensity threshold (e.g., the respectiveintensity threshold discussed above); and the first gesture meets thesecond operation criteria when the first gesture does not meet the firstoperation criteria. In some embodiments, the first gesture meets thefirst operation criteria when both thumb contacts exceed the firstintensity threshold (e.g., as shown in FIGS. 5B-5C and 5E-5F). In someembodiments, the first gesture meets the first operation criteria whenboth thumb contacts exceed the first intensity threshold within apredetermined time period. In some embodiments, the first intensitythreshold is the same as the respective intensity threshold (asdescribed in operation 612).

It should be understood that the particular order in which theoperations in FIGS. 6A-6D have been described is merely exemplary and isnot intended to indicate that the described order is the only order inwhich the operations could be performed. One of ordinary skill in theart would recognize various ways to reorder the operations describedherein.

In some embodiments, the device detects a squeeze gesture that includesa thumb contact on a first side of the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., aleft side) and one or more finger contacts on a second side of thetouch-sensitive surface (e.g., a right side), wherein the second side isopposite from the first side; determines whether the thumb contact andthe one or more finger contacts in the squeeze gesture meetpredetermined intensity criteria; and, in response to determining thatthe thumb contact and the one or more finger contacts in the squeezegesture meet predetermined intensity criteria, executes a command (e.g.,a delete command). In some embodiments, the squeeze gesture meetspredetermined intensity criteria when the thumb contact and at least oneof the finger contacts are of equal intensity. In some embodiments, thesqueeze gesture meets predetermined intensity criteria when at least thethumb contact or at least one of the one or more finger contacts exceedsan intensity threshold (e.g., the respective intensity threshold, asdescribed in operation 612). In some embodiments, the squeeze gesturemeets predetermined intensity criteria when both the thumb contact andat least one of the one or more finger contacts exceed the intensitythreshold. In some embodiments, the squeeze gesture meets predeterminedintensity criteria when the intensity of contacts in the squeeze gesture(of the thumb contact and at least one finger contact) exceeds anintensity threshold and the thumb contact and at least one of the fingercontacts are of equal intensity. In some embodiments, the squeezegesture meets predetermined intensity criteria when both the thumbcontact and at least one of the one or more finger contacts exceed theintensity threshold within a predetermined time period. In someembodiments, the device includes sensors that are configured to detect arange of contact intensity from an input-detection intensity thresholdat which a contact is detected as present on the touch-sensitive surfacethrough a plurality of contact intensities that are higher than theinput-detection intensity threshold; and the intensity threshold ishigher than the input-detection intensity threshold.

In accordance with some embodiments, FIG. 7 shows a functional blockdiagram of an electronic device 700 configured in accordance with theprinciples of the various described embodiments. The functional blocksof the device are, optionally, implemented by hardware, software,firmware, or a combination thereof to carry out the principles of thevarious described embodiments. It is understood by persons of skill inthe art that the functional blocks described in FIG. 7 are, optionally,combined or separated into sub-blocks to implement the principles of thevarious described embodiments. Therefore, the description hereinoptionally supports any possible combination or separation or furtherdefinition of the functional blocks described herein.

As shown in FIG. 7, an electronic device 700 includes a display unit 702configured to display a user interface; a touch-sensitive surface unit704 configured to receive user inputs; one or more sensor units 706configured to detect intensity of contacts with the touch-sensitivesurface unit 704; and a processing unit 708 coupled to the display unit702, the touch-sensitive surface unit 704 and the one or more sensorunits 706. In some embodiments, the processing unit 708 includes adisplay enabling unit 710, a detecting unit 712, a first operation unit714, a second operation unit 716, and a third operation unit 718.

In some embodiments, the processing unit 708 is configured to: detect afirst gesture (e.g., with the detecting unit 712) that includesconcurrently detecting a first contact and a second contact movingrelative to each other on the touch-sensitive surface unit 704,detecting an intensity of the first contact, and detecting an intensityof the second contact; and, in response to detecting the first gesture:in accordance with a determination that the first gesture meets firstoperation criteria, wherein the first operation criteria include acriterion that is met when the intensities of the first and secondcontact satisfy a respective intensity threshold, perform a firstoperation (e.g., with the first operation unit 714); and, in accordancewith a determination that the first gesture meets second operationcriteria that are distinct from the first operation criteria, whereinthe second operation criteria are capable of being met when theintensities of the first and second contacts do not satisfy therespective intensity threshold, perform a second operation that isdifferent from the first operation (e.g., with the second operation unit716).

In some embodiments, detecting the first gesture includes comparing theintensity of the first contact and the intensity of the second contact.

In some embodiments, the first operation criteria are met when adifference between the intensity of the first contact and the intensityof the second contact is less than a similarity threshold and when thefirst intensity and the second intensity are greater than the respectiveintensity threshold; and the second operation criteria are met when thedifference between the intensity of the first contact and the intensityof the second contact is greater than the similarity threshold.

In some embodiments, the processing unit 708 is configured to: inaccordance with a determination that the difference between theintensity of the first contact and the intensity of the second contactis less than the similarity threshold and that the first intensity andthe second intensity are less than the respective intensity threshold,forgo performance of the first operation (e.g., with the first operationunit 714).

In some embodiments, the processing unit 708 is configured to: inaccordance with a determination that the difference between theintensity of the first contact and the intensity of the second contactis less than the similarity threshold and that the first intensity andthe second intensity are less than the respective intensity threshold,perform a third operation that is different from the first operation(e.g., with the third operation unit 718).

In some embodiments, the device includes sensors that are configured todetect a range of contact intensities, from an input-detection intensitythreshold at which a contact is detected as present on thetouch-sensitive surface through a plurality of contact intensities thatare higher than the input-detection intensity threshold; and therespective intensity threshold is higher than the input-detectionintensity threshold.

In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that the firstand second contacts are moving toward each other, the first operation isa first type of operation; and in accordance with a determination thatthe first and second contacts are moving away from each other, the firstoperation is a second type of operation that is the reverse of the firsttype of operation.

In some embodiments, the first operation is a text-modificationoperation and the second operation is a zooming operation.

In some embodiments, the first operation criteria include a criterionthat is met when movement of the first and second contacts is less thana predefined movement threshold.

In some embodiments, the first contact is detected at a first edge ofthe touch-sensitive surface unit 704 and the second contact is detectedat a second edge of the touch-sensitive surface unit 704, and detectingthe first gesture includes: detecting the first contact moving towardthe first edge; and detecting the second contact moving toward thesecond edge.

In some embodiments, the first contact is detected at a first edge ofthe touch-sensitive surface unit 704 and the second contact is detectedat a second edge of the touch-sensitive surface unit 704, and detectingthe first gesture includes: detecting the first contact moving away fromthe first edge; and detecting the second contact moving away from thesecond edge.

In some embodiments, detecting the first gesture includes: detecting thefirst contact moving in a first direction along a first edge of thetouch-sensitive surface unit 704; and detecting the second contactmoving in a second direction along a second edge of the touch-sensitivesurface unit 704, wherein the second direction is opposite to the firstdirection and the second edge is opposite to the first edge.

In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that the firstcontact is moving in the first direction and the second contact ismoving in the second direction, the first operation is a first type ofoperation; and in accordance with a determination that the first contactis moving in the second direction and the second contact is moving inthe first direction, the first operation is a second type of operationthat is the reverse of the first type of operation.

In some embodiments, the first contact and the second contact are twosimultaneous thumb contacts on the touch-sensitive surface unit 704.

In some embodiments, detecting the first gesture includes detecting thetwo simultaneous thumb contacts on the touch-sensitive surface unit 704moving apart in opposite directions.

In some embodiments, detecting the first gesture includes detecting thetwo simultaneous thumb contacts on the touch-sensitive surface unit 704moving toward each other.

In some embodiments, the first gesture meets the first operationcriteria when at least one thumb contact of the two simultaneous thumbcontacts exceeds a first intensity threshold; and the first gesturemeets the second operation criteria when the first gesture does not meetthe first operation criteria.

In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that the firstgesture is a bend gesture, performing the first operation includesperforming a first function from a first set of functions; and inaccordance with a determination that the first gesture is a twistgesture, performing the first operation includes performing a secondfunction from a second set of functions distinct from the first set offunctions.

The operations in the information processing methods described aboveare, optionally implemented by running one or more functional modules ininformation processing apparatus such as general purpose processors(e.g., as described above with respect to FIGS. 1A and 3) or applicationspecific chips.

The operations described above with reference to FIGS. 6A-6D are,optionally, implemented by components depicted in FIGS. 1A-1B. Forexample, detection operation 602 and performing operation 610 are,optionally, implemented by event sorter 170, event recognizer 180, andevent handler 190. Event monitor 171 in event sorter 170 detects acontact on touch-sensitive display 112, and event dispatcher module 174delivers the event information to application 136-1. A respective eventrecognizer 180 of application 136-1 compares the event information torespective event definitions 186, and determines whether a first contactat a first location on the touch-sensitive surface (or whether rotationof the device) corresponds to a predefined event or sub-event, such asselection of an object on a user interface, or rotation of the devicefrom one orientation to another. When a respective predefined event orsub-event is detected, event recognizer 180 activates an event handler190 associated with the detection of the event or sub-event. Eventhandler 190 optionally uses or calls data updater 176 or object updater177 to update the application internal state 192. In some embodiments,event handler 190 accesses a respective GUI updater 178 to update whatis displayed by the application. Similarly, it would be clear to aperson having ordinary skill in the art how other processes can beimplemented based on the components depicted in FIGS. 1A-1B.

The foregoing description, for purpose of explanation, has beendescribed with reference to specific embodiments. However, theillustrative discussions above are not intended to be exhaustive or tolimit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. Many modificationsand variations are possible in view of the above teachings. Theembodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain theprinciples of the invention and its practical applications, to therebyenable others skilled in the art to best use the invention and variousdescribed embodiments with various modifications as are suited to theparticular use contemplated.

What is claimed is:
 1. A computer readable storage medium storing one or more programs, the one or more programs comprising instructions, which when executed by an electronic device with a display, a touch-sensitive surface, and one or more sensors to detect intensities of contacts with the touch-sensitive surface cause the device to: detect a first gesture that includes: detecting a first contact moving across the touch-sensitive surface, concurrently detecting a second contact moving across the touch-sensitive surface, wherein the first contact and the second contact move relative to each other across the touch-sensitive surface, detecting an intensity of the first contact, and concurrently detecting an intensity of the second contact; and, in response to detecting the first gesture: in accordance with a determination that the first gesture meets first operation criteria, perform a first operation, wherein the first operation criteria include that: the intensity of the first contact is greater than a respective intensity threshold, the intensity of the second contact is greater than the respective intensity threshold, and, a difference between the intensity of the first contact and the intensity of the second contact is less than a similarity threshold; and, in accordance with a determination that the first gesture meets second operation criteria that are distinct from the first operation criteria, perform a second operation that is different from the first operation, wherein: the second operation criteria are met when the difference between the intensity of the first contact and the intensity of the second contact is greater than the similarity threshold, and the second operation criteria are capable of being met when the intensities of the first and second contacts do not satisfy the respective intensity threshold.
 2. The computer readable storage medium of claim 1, including instructions which, when executed by the electronic device, cause the electronic device to: in accordance with a determination that the difference between the intensity of the first contact and the intensity of the second contact is less than the similarity threshold and that the first intensity and the second intensity are less than the respective intensity threshold, forgo performance of the first operation.
 3. The computer readable storage medium of claim 1, including instructions which, when executed by the electronic device, cause the electronic device to: in accordance with a determination that the difference between the intensity of the first contact and the intensity of the second contact is less than the similarity threshold and that the first intensity and the second intensity are less than the respective intensity threshold, perform a third operation that is different from the first operation.
 4. The computer readable storage medium of claim 1, wherein: the device includes sensors that are configured to detect a range of contact intensities, from an input-detection intensity threshold at which a contact is detected as present on the touch-sensitive surface through a plurality of contact intensities that are higher than the input-detection intensity threshold; and the respective intensity threshold is higher than the input-detection intensity threshold.
 5. The computer readable storage medium of claim 1, wherein: in accordance with a determination that the first and second contacts are moving toward each other, the first operation is a first type of operation; and in accordance with a determination that the first and second contacts are moving away from each other, the first operation is a second type of operation that is the reverse of the first type of operation.
 6. The computer readable storage medium of claim 1, wherein the first operation is a text-modification operation and the second operation is a zooming operation.
 7. The computer readable storage medium of claim 1, wherein the first operation criteria include a criterion that is met when movement of the first and second contacts is less than a predefined movement threshold.
 8. The computer readable storage medium of claim 1, wherein the first contact is detected at a first edge of the touch-sensitive surface and the second contact is detected at a second edge of the touch-sensitive surface, and detecting the first gesture includes: detecting the first contact moving toward the first edge; and detecting the second contact moving toward the second edge.
 9. The computer readable storage medium of claim 1, wherein the first contact is detected at a first edge of the touch-sensitive surface and the second contact is detected at a second edge of the touch-sensitive surface, and detecting the first gesture includes: detecting the first contact moving away from the first edge; and detecting the second contact moving away from the second edge.
 10. The computer readable storage medium of claim 1, wherein detecting the first gesture includes: detecting the first contact moving in a first direction along a first edge of the touch-sensitive surface; and detecting the second contact moving in a second direction along a second edge of the touch-sensitive surface, wherein the second direction is opposite to the first direction and the second edge is opposite to the first edge.
 11. The computer readable storage medium of claim 10, wherein: in accordance with a determination that the first contact is moving in the first direction and the second contact is moving in the second direction, the first operation is a first type of operation; and in accordance with a determination that the first contact is moving in the second direction and the second contact is moving in the first direction, the first operation is a second type of operation that is the reverse of the first type of operation.
 12. The computer readable storage medium of claim 1, wherein the first contact and the second contact are two simultaneous thumb contacts on the touch-sensitive surface.
 13. The computer readable storage medium of claim 12, wherein detecting the first gesture includes detecting the two simultaneous thumb contacts on the touch-sensitive surface moving apart in opposite directions.
 14. The computer readable storage medium of claim 12, wherein detecting the first gesture includes detecting the two simultaneous thumb contacts on the touch-sensitive surface moving toward each other.
 15. The computer readable storage medium of claim 12, wherein: the first gesture meets the first operation criteria when at least one thumb contact of the two simultaneous thumb contacts exceeds a first intensity threshold; and the first gesture meets the second operation criteria when the first gesture does not meet the first operation criteria.
 16. The computer readable storage medium of claim 1, wherein: in accordance with a determination that the first gesture is a bend gesture, performing the first operation includes performing a first function from a first set of functions; and in accordance with a determination that the first gesture is a twist gesture, performing the first operation includes performing a second function from a second set of functions distinct from the first set of functions.
 17. An electronic device, comprising: a display; a touch-sensitive surface; one or more sensors to detect intensities of contacts with the touch-sensitive surface; one or more processors; memory; and one or more programs, wherein the one or more programs are stored in the memory and configured to be executed by the one or more processors, the one or more programs including instructions for: detecting a first gesture that includes: detecting a first contact moving across the touch-sensitive surface, concurrently detecting a second contact moving across the touch-sensitive surface, wherein the first contact and the second contact move relative to each other across the touch-sensitive surface, detecting an intensity of the first contact, and concurrently detecting an intensity of the second contact; and, in response to detecting the first gesture: in accordance with a determination that the first gesture meets first operation criteria, performing a first operation, wherein the first operation criteria include that: the intensity of the first contact is greater than a respective intensity threshold, the intensity of the second contact is greater than the respective intensity threshold, and, a difference between the intensity of the first contact and the intensity of the second contact is less than a similarity threshold; and, in accordance with a determination that the first gesture meets second operation criteria that are distinct from the first operation criteria, performing a second operation that is different from the first operation, wherein: the second operation criteria are met when the difference between the intensity of the first contact and the intensity of the second contact is greater than the similarity threshold, and the second operation criteria are capable of being met when the intensities of the first and second contacts do not satisfy the respective intensity threshold.
 18. The electronic device of claim 17, wherein the one or more programs include instructions for: in accordance with a determination that the difference between the intensity of the first contact and the intensity of the second contact is less than the similarity threshold and that the first intensity and the second intensity are less than the respective intensity threshold, forgoing performance of the first operation.
 19. The electronic device of claim 17, wherein the one or more programs include instructions for: in accordance with a determination that the difference between the intensity of the first contact and the intensity of the second contact is less than the similarity threshold and that the first intensity and the second intensity are less than the respective intensity threshold, performing a third operation that is different from the first operation.
 20. The electronic device of claim 17, wherein: the device includes sensors that are configured to detect a range of contact intensities, from an input-detection intensity threshold at which a contact is detected as present on the touch-sensitive surface through a plurality of contact intensities that are higher than the input-detection intensity threshold; and the respective intensity threshold is higher than the input-detection intensity threshold.
 21. The electronic device of claim 17, wherein: in accordance with a determination that the first and second contacts are moving toward each other, the first operation is a first type of operation; and in accordance with a determination that the first and second contacts are moving away from each other, the first operation is a second type of operation that is the reverse of the first type of operation.
 22. The electronic device of claim 17, wherein the first operation is a text-modification operation and the second operation is a zooming operation.
 23. The electronic device of claim 17, wherein the first operation criteria include a criterion that is met when movement of the first and second contacts is less than a predefined movement threshold.
 24. The electronic device of claim 17, wherein the first contact is detected at a first edge of the touch-sensitive surface and the second contact is detected at a second edge of the touch-sensitive surface, and detecting the first gesture includes: detecting the first contact moving toward the first edge; and detecting the second contact moving toward the second edge.
 25. The electronic device of claim 17, wherein the first contact is detected at a first edge of the touch-sensitive surface and the second contact is detected at a second edge of the touch-sensitive surface, and detecting the first gesture includes: detecting the first contact moving away from the first edge; and detecting the second contact moving away from the second edge.
 26. The electronic device of claim 17, wherein detecting the first gesture includes: detecting the first contact moving in a first direction along a first edge of the touch- sensitive surface; and detecting the second contact moving in a second direction along a second edge of the touch-sensitive surface, wherein the second direction is opposite to the first direction and the second edge is opposite to the first edge.
 27. The electronic device of claim 26, wherein: in accordance with a determination that the first contact is moving in the first direction and the second contact is moving in the second direction, the first operation is a first type of operation; and in accordance with a determination that the first contact is moving in the second direction and the second contact is moving in the first direction, the first operation is a second type of operation that is the reverse of the first type of operation.
 28. The electronic device of claim 17, wherein the first contact and the second contact are two simultaneous thumb contacts on the touch-sensitive surface.
 29. The electronic device of claim 28, wherein detecting the first gesture includes detecting the two simultaneous thumb contacts on the touch-sensitive surface moving apart in opposite directions.
 30. The electronic device of claim 28, detecting the first gesture includes detecting the two simultaneous thumb contacts on the touch-sensitive surface moving toward each other.
 31. The electronic device of claim 28, wherein: the first gesture meets the first operation criteria when at least one thumb contact of the two simultaneous thumb contacts exceeds a first intensity threshold; and the first gesture meets the second operation criteria when the first gesture does not meet the first operation criteria.
 32. The electronic device of claim 17, wherein: in accordance with a determination that the first gesture is a bend gesture, performing the first operation includes performing a first function from a first set of functions; and in accordance with a determination that the first gesture is a twist gesture, performing the first operation includes performing a second function from a second set of functions distinct from the first set of functions.
 33. A method, comprising: at an electronic device with a display, a touch-sensitive surface, and one or more sensors to detect intensities of contacts with the touch-sensitive surface: detecting a first gesture that includes: detecting a first contact moving across the touch-sensitive surface, concurrently detecting a second contact moving across the touch-sensitive surface, wherein the first contact and the second contact move relative to each other across the touch-sensitive surface, detecting an intensity of the first contact, and concurrently detecting an intensity of the second contact; and, in response to detecting the first gesture: in accordance with a determination that the first gesture meets first operation criteria, performing a first operation, wherein the first operation criteria include that: the intensity of the first contact is greater than a respective intensity threshold, the intensity of the second contact is greater than the respective intensity threshold, and, a difference between the intensity of the first contact and the intensity of the second contact is less than a similarity threshold; and, in accordance with a determination that the first gesture meets second operation criteria that are distinct from the first operation criteria, performing a second operation that is different from the first operation, wherein: the second operation criteria are met when the difference between the intensity of the first contact and the intensity of the second contact is greater than the similarity threshold, and the second operation criteria are capable of being met when the intensities of the first and second contacts do not satisfy the respective intensity threshold.
 34. The method of claim 33, including: in accordance with a determination that the difference between the intensity of the first contact and the intensity of the second contact is less than the similarity threshold and that the first intensity and the second intensity are less than the respective intensity threshold, forgoing performance of the first operation.
 35. The method of claim 33, including: in accordance with a determination that the difference between the intensity of the first contact and the intensity of the second contact is less than the similarity threshold and that the first intensity and the second intensity are less than the respective intensity threshold, performing a third operation that is different from the first operation.
 36. The method of claim 33, wherein: the device includes sensors that are configured to detect a range of contact intensities, from an input-detection intensity threshold at which a contact is detected as present on the touch-sensitive surface through a plurality of contact intensities that are higher than the input-detection intensity threshold; and the respective intensity threshold is higher than the input-detection intensity threshold.
 37. The method of claim 33, wherein: in accordance with a determination that the first and second contacts are moving toward each other, the first operation is a first type of operation; and in accordance with a determination that the first and second contacts are moving away from each other, the first operation is a second type of operation that is the reverse of the first type of operation.
 38. The method of claim 33, wherein the first operation is a text-modification operation and the second operation is a zooming operation.
 39. The method of claim 33, wherein the first operation criteria include a criterion that is met when movement of the first and second contacts is less than a predefined movement threshold.
 40. The method of claim 33, wherein the first contact is detected at a first edge of the touch-sensitive surface and the second contact is detected at a second edge of the touch-sensitive surface, and detecting the first gesture includes: detecting the first contact moving toward the first edge; and detecting the second contact moving toward the second edge.
 41. The method of claim 33, wherein the first contact is detected at a first edge of the touch-sensitive surface and the second contact is detected at a second edge of the touch-sensitive surface, and detecting the first gesture includes: detecting the first contact moving away from the first edge; and detecting the second contact moving away from the second edge.
 42. The method of claim 33, wherein detecting the first gesture includes: detecting the first contact moving in a first direction along a first edge of the touch- sensitive surface; and detecting the second contact moving in a second direction along a second edge of the touch-sensitive surface, wherein the second direction is opposite to the first direction and the second edge is opposite to the first edge.
 43. The method of claim 42, wherein: in accordance with a determination that the first contact is moving in the first direction and the second contact is moving in the second direction, the first operation is a first type of operation; and in accordance with a determination that the first contact is moving in the second direction and the second contact is moving in the first direction, the first operation is a second type of operation that is the reverse of the first type of operation.
 44. The method of claim 33, wherein the first contact and the second contact are two simultaneous thumb contacts on the touch-sensitive surface.
 45. The method of claim 44, wherein detecting the first gesture includes detecting the two simultaneous thumb contacts on the touch-sensitive surface moving apart in opposite directions.
 46. The method of claim 44 detecting the first gesture includes detecting the two simultaneous thumb contacts on the touch-sensitive surface moving toward each other.
 47. The method of claim 44, wherein: the first gesture meets the first operation criteria when at least one thumb contact of the two simultaneous thumb contacts exceeds a first intensity threshold; and the first gesture meets the second operation criteria when the first gesture does not meet the first operation criteria.
 48. The method of claim 33, wherein: in accordance with a determination that the first gesture is a bend gesture, performing the first operation includes performing a first function from a first set of functions; and in accordance with a determination that the first gesture is a twist gesture, performing the first operation includes performing a second function from a second set of functions distinct from the first set of functions. 